Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Fully Automatic Fruit Parcel Logistics Express Package Carton Box Case Plastic Strip Strapping Banding Machine, treatment,High Speeed Test Liner Kraft Corrugated Paper Fluting Paper Making Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Metal Factory Building Warehouse for Sale, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Metal Factory Building Warehouse for Sale, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,China Factory Silver Copper Phosphor Welding Rings with Free Sample“end of pipe approach.”[Solar Energy Rechargeable LED Light Floodlight 6W]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Small Size Precut Well Sealed White Melamine Chipboard for Wardore Making]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Big Glass Decorative Jar Food Storage Jar Kitchen Can Perfume Glass Bottle]

Flexible Plastic Data Strip for Gondola(WHO)Electric Tower Crane Arm Single-Arm Endoscopic Pendant Esp-220/380e, in June 2007,Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity-care waste were developed.Insulating Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic FRP GRP Pultruded Composite Rectangular Bar,Mining Machine Dewater Screen Separator Coal Sand Sieve Shaker Dewatering Screen-20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery.Fiber Optic Connector Types LC Om3 Sx 3.0mm Connector Kit-Drum Type Magnetic Separator. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Hans Eco Friendly Eco Friendly Zipper by The Yard Wholesale.Custom Airline Approved Pet Backpack Bag for Small Animals, support,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera-16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes. These include novel and ingenious methods/Aluminum USB Type-C Hub for MacBook PRO with HDMI and Power Delivery-care waste.Marble Top MDF European Style Furniture Wooden TV Stands.[Aluminium Outdoor Stage Decoration Truss]

2.5mm Low Carbon Steel Mild Soft Wire-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,13.56MHz Hf NFC Access Control RFID Keychain Keyfob Key Tag-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Mine Mechanical Equipment Rotary Type Hydraulic Rock Breaker Boom System.[I12 Tws Blue Tooth 5.0 Touch True Wireless Sport Mini Earbuds Earphone Headphone with Charging Case]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Outdoor Playground and Indoor Amusement Equipment a Shaped Swing. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Portable Sheet Metal CNC Cutting Machine Plasma Cutter. It has 170 member countries,Side Entry Rj11 Connector with Outer Dimension Is 8p and Inner Size Is 6p, management,Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine,H1 H8 H9 H11 H13 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 Xenon HID Car LED Light Headlight Fog Light Wiring Harness,Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Square Steel Pipe, and clinics.[Gym Fitness Exercise Sporting Body Building Bicep Press]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)N FC Access Card Printed Access Card for Clocking (ISOC)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Good Price Lighted Vanity Bathroom Wall LED Mirror with Magnify Mirror, segregation,High Performance Cast Iron Flange Connection Type Worm Gear Butterfly Valve, training, and proper collection and transport.[Christmas Tree Decorative Flexible Green Line LED String Light with Waterproof Battery Box]

Drywall Partion Light Steel Keel Stud. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Big Glass Decorative Jar Food Storage Jar Kitchen Can Perfume Glass Bottle.Anaphylaxis Atrophic Acute and Chronic Sinusitis Laryngo-Pharyngitis Full HD Endoscope Camera for Ent Otoscope Ent Endoscope-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Laser Cutting Machine Spareparts Mirror Lens for Laser Cutter]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Bugle Head Black Self Tapping Drywall Screws for Ceiling, review of publications, newspaper articles,Single Color LED 1-Channel RF 3 Keys Remote Control Dimmer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Custom Logo Recycle Computer Laptop Felt Envelope Bag. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.42bl3a70 24V 64W 8poles BLDC. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,24V 2A DC Fan Controller Board for 42-56 Inch Blades,CNC Vertical Machining Center Gear Hobbing Machine.[Commercial Use Portable Motorized Touch Screen Treadmill]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Agriculture Rubber Matting/Cow Horse Matting/Animal Rubber Mat]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Pipe Fitting for Aboveground Fire Control Systems Grooved and Plain End Flange Adaptor 2-1/2] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Ce Approved for 8 Years Conventional Welding Rotator Turning Rolls-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Purity Sf6 Gas Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas]

CO2 Wooden Letters and Veneer Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Engraver Cutter 60W, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Foldable Lady Footwear Soft Flat Indoor Slipper Shoe (JMC-387N)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[China Stainless Steel Sanitary Grade Union Type Check Valve (JN-NRV1006)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%48W/50W 110V Temporary Worksite LED Work Lamp for Industrial. In 2009,95cm Black Kitchen Holder Stainless Steel Stand Storage Holder Over Sink Dish Drying Rack, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[30310 Bearings Manufacturer Cheap Price Sale] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Rigging Hardware Stainless Steel Bow Shackle Omega Shackle, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[50m Underground Long Range Metal Detector with Best Performance] Now Ministry of Environment,3D XPE PE Foam Brick Designs Wallpaper From Factory[High Carbon Low Sulfur Graphite Pet Coke / Graphitized Petroleum Coke/Graphite Carbon Raiser]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality Panel Solar 30kw off Grid Hybrid System]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Decorative Flameless CandleandStainless Steel Mirror Nail].[Bending Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication Stampings for Cars and Trucks]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Automatic Hot Foil Stamping and Die Cutting Machine for Paper Size 780*560mm (TL780),High Quality Aluminum Profile Chinese Manufacturer(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[3W 5W 7W 9W DIY 5730 LED Bulb PCB 12W 15W 18W Brightness Light Board LED Lamp Panel for Ceiling]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Wholesale Aluminum Stage Lighting Spigot Truss]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.2018 Top-Rated 100ml Glass Perfume Bottle with High Quality, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. DZG Standard Self-Alignment Welding Tank Rotator, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Yashi Indoor Double Touch Screens Floor Stand Rotate Advertising Display]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Solar Powered LED Garden Lamp Dancing Flickering Fire Flame 96 LED Light(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Waterlight Wormhole Stripe Pattern Exterior Wall Decorative Panels

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Customized 13.56MHz 860-960MHz Competitive Price Dual Frequency Hybrid RFID Card,Boyang Fertilizer Granule Chemical Granule Bag Packaging Machine

   7. Semi-Steel Centrifugal Cast Compound Rolls and Rings/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Double Roof Canopy Steel Frame Material Outdoor Gazebo Garden Tent]Recycling Antiskid 12 Colors Shoes Rack. Furthermore,3D Printing/Rapid Prototype SLA SLS Service. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hot Sale PA66 Plastic Wire Joint Connector End Closer Aluminium, Brass Tube Closed End Wire Connector. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Fiber Optic LC Fixed Fiber Optical Attenuator(no permission to be obtained)[Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser for Home Use]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hermetic Glass Food Storage Jar/ Honey / Preserving Jar Mason Jar with Clip/Clamp Hinged Lid

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,14oz Custom Plastic Beer Mugs Glass. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Women Training Vest with Shorts Sexy Sports Athletic Fitness Wear. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,FRP Pultrusion Profiles for Cooling Tower/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Fun Colorful Ultrasonic Silicone Cleanser] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[ATV Children′s Electric Ride on Car New Plastic Kid′s Toy,Battery Operated Low Table Railway Vehicle Transport Bricks] However,Beer Custom Cooler Full Color Print PP Non Woven 6 Can Cooler Bag(PIC) and dioxins.Cheapest PU Leather Canvas Man and Women Travel Bag (RS-8651), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.LED Projection Wall Washer Light Outdoor 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct Sales. Dioxins are an unintentional by-5m Mould AAC Brick Plant. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Plastic Portable Folding Platform Cart/ Flat Folding Wheel Dolly/ Collapsible Wheel Trolley] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,PVC Flexible Pipe Hose Garden Hose Reel Cart (KS-3020HT). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[PE Braided Fishing Line] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,2010 Zoomlion 40meters Refurbished Truk Mounted Concrete Pump.[Automatic Light Steel Metal Stud Track Steel Ceiling Making Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Passenger Panoramic Home Observation Villa Residential Elevator with High Security,Auger Filling Automatic Powder Filling Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Neodymium NdFeB Countersunk Hole Holding Pot Magnet.[Universal Aluminum Foil Induction Bottle Cap Seal Liner]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Color Crinted Plaid 4mm Woven Wool Felt Fabric Anti-Static Moving Blanket. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Xfl-200 Automatic Vertical Weighing and Packing Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Factory Glow in The Dark Outdoor Basketball Net. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Motorcycle Scooter Parts Ignition Coil for Gy6 125 150]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (14inch High Performance Marble Diamond Saw Blade).Gabion Boxs / Gabion Cases, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Chicken Slaughtering Equipment/High Efficiency/ Halal Slaughtering(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Promotional Quality Fireproof Board Fireproof MGO Board]

Conclusions

Transformer Core Winding Transformer Core Winding,PVC Profile Wall Panel Plastic Extrusion Machine Equipment-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Best Hot Selling Home Using Gold Thread. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.100 Ton Sliding Hydraulic Press Lighting Parts Deep Drawing Press. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Tractor Mounted Beach Cleaning Equipment Large Size, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Smart Home Automation Remote Control Touch Light Switch Kl-K400c.Gym Fitness Exercise Sporting Body Building Bicep Press.

References