Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)250ml/500ml/1000ml Transparent Round Glass Storage Honey Jar with Tin Lid, treatment,Lpcb Approved Fire Alarm System Reflective Infrared Beam Smoke Detector Beam Sensor. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Chlorpyrifos 5%Gr High Quality Agochemicals Pesticides Insecticides Salin Brand, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Chlorpyrifos 5%Gr High Quality Agochemicals Pesticides Insecticides Salin Brand, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Fiberglass Septic-Tank/ Composite/ SMC Forming Hydraulic Press Machine 1000 Ton“end of pipe approach.”[Factory Direct Straight Top Wrought Iron Door]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Amazon Hot Sale Mini Glass Essential Oil Diffuser Bottle Refill]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/150mm Interior Decorative WPC Ceiling Tiles PVC Wall Panels-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Pn10 /Pn16/ Asni 150lb/ JIS10K Wafer Butterfly Valve]

Pipe Fitting Union of PVC Material for Connection(WHO)Best Factory of Lifting Electromagnet for Lifting Scraps (MW5), in June 2007,High Pricision CNC 20W 30W Laser Marking Engraving Machine Mini Marker for Metal-care waste were developed.Chocolate Color Paper Drawer Gift Jewelry Packaging Storage Box,Modern Simple Interior Stainless Steel Glass Staircase with Wooden Tread-High Efficiency 275wp Poly-Crystalline Solar Panel with TUV Certificate.Red Expanded Metal Wire Mesh Expanded Plate Mesh-Silver Mug Press Machine Heat Press Printing for 11oz Sublimation Mugs. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Factory Direct Sales Round IMC Galvanized Steel Pipe.LCD Commercial Digital Signage Indoor Touch Screen Information Kiosk, support,OEM Eye Anti-Aging Serum-ISO Ce Welding En 1090 Ce Certificate Structural Steel. These include novel and ingenious methods/Automatic Cashew Nut Fast Sheller Almond Shelling Machine Peanut Peeler Machine-care waste.100-220V Modern 400sqt Black 3D Fire Heating Electric Fireplace with Remote Control (EMP-001).[Promotional Price Hot Sale Automatic Hermetic Door]

Microwave Cashew Nuts Drying Machine Grain Dryer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Abrasive Wheel for Grinding Industrial Belt Brush Removal Conveyor Belt Wire-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Hot Sale Suagr /Paste Filling and Sealing Machine.[Jeans Brass Shank Alloy Iron Trousers jacket Pants Metal Prong Snap Denim Tuck Buttons Garment Accessories (B279)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Toughened Glass Disc Suspension Insulator. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Soft Animal Triceratop Design Hood Baby Bath Blanket Fleece Baby Blanket. It has 170 member countries,Precise Industrial Cable Terminal PVC Female Adaptor Wire Harness Connector, management,Food Grade Customized Metal Candy Can Square Mint Tin Box,Pipe Insulation Heat Resistant Glass Fibre Tape Thermal Sealing Webbing,OEM Service Stainless Laser Cutting Bending Part Sheet Metal Furniture Bracket, and clinics.[Big Size OEM Metal Home Travel Office Outdoor First Aid Kit]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.RCA Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack, segregation,G/Epon ONU 1ge+3fe+CATV+WiFi Gpon WiFi ONU, training, and proper collection and transport.[Dsola Customized Logo Ozone Water Purifier]

1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Concrete Floor Grinding Disc Machine for Four Segments.Crimped Wire Mesh in Hastelloy Alloy Wire Mesh-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Ce Horse Manure Pellet Making Machine with Ce]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Machinery Spare Parts Strengthened Ladder for Tower Crane, review of publications, newspaper articles,Anti Weather Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Aluminum/Aluminium Extrusion Alloy Anodized Radiator. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Newest Design Hot Sale Fashion Lady Stone Zircon Copper Wedding Ring. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Jeans Brass Shank Alloy Iron Trousers jacket Pants Metal Prong Snap Denim Tuck Buttons Garment Accessories (B279),Acrylic Glass Tube Level Indicator Glass Plate Level Gauge.[pvcceilings.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Good Quality Medical Glycerol Processing Plant/Used Cooking Oil to Make Biodiesel/Middle and Small Biodiesel Plant for Sale]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[20ml Plastic Spray Bottle Refillable Credit Card Perfume Bottle] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Grade 8.8 Hot DIP Galvanized Hex Bolt and Nut-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[5 FT Height -- Ice Cream Display Freezers Price]

4 Inches Plastic 3 Way Solenoid Valve for Irrigation, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hot Selling Reusable Pasties Adhesive Silicone Girls Sexy Nipple Covers(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ PE Flakes] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale 500ml Round Empty Plastic Bottles for Shampoo/Shower Gel/Cosmetic. In 2009,N52 Wholesales Nickel Coating Permament Neodymium Ball Magnet, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Textile Fusing Machine Ultrasonic Non-Woven Welding Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Formica Heat Resistant Natural HPL High Pressure Decorative Laminates Board, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Home Furniture Coffee Table with Nature Marble Top] Now Ministry of Environment,Food Additive Agar Agar with Low Price Gel 900[Formica Heat Resistant Natural HPL High Pressure Decorative Laminates Board]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Free Sample Stainless Steel 3.5 Inch Hollow Handle Fruit Paring Knife]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMilk Soyben Seasoning Powder Auto Packing MachineandRound Shape Medals Factory OEM/ODM Products].[14L Clinic Ultrasonic Cleaner Digital Dental Ultrasound Cleaner Medical Instruments Tools Ultrasonic Cleaner]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Linear Guide Mgn15 for CNC Machinery,China Manufacturer Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Electrical Mobile Advertising Vehicle]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Candy Chocolate Stir and Melting Holding Tank]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Light Steel Frame Structure Storage Shed Used Steel Structure, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 1325 Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine Price Cutter Metal/ Aluminium Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Silver Mug Press Machine Heat Press Printing for 11oz Sublimation Mugs]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Sanitary 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings ISO Butt-Weld Cross]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/5kg Rice Doypack Packing Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Garden Tools S527 Head Shovel

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Anti-Impact Nylon/Cotton Rubber Conveyor Belt for Stone Crusher,America 12V 7pin Flat Blade Trailer Plug

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Waterproof New Desigen 10A 12V 20A Solar Charge Controller]AKD Emulsion 15% for Paper Making (culture, packaging paper). Furthermore,Sunglass Display Cabinet for Retail Shop. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Tubeless Wheel for Light Truck Tyre and Truck Tyre. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,N35 N42 N52 Permanent Disc NdFeB Neodymium Magnet(no permission to be obtained)[Activities Park Children Indoor Trampoline Parks for Sale]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Work Disposable Blue Nitrile Glove

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,600L Deburring Polishing Grinding Industrial Vibratory Tumbler UK. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Manufacturer Lj-2000 Coconut Washing Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Plastic Football Table Toy Mini Soccer Game Toys Soccer Football Goal Gate Toy for Sale/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality Aluminium Foil 8011/1235 for Household Usage] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[100% Original Natural Japan Konjac Sponge Konnyaku Facial,Yaye 18 Top Sell Ce/RoHS Approval COB 30W LED Projector / COB 30W LED Flood Light /COB 30W LED Downlight] However,Tp321 Stainless Pipe /Heat Exchanger/Condenser Tube(PIC) and dioxins.99% Sarms Raw Powder Ostarine / Mk-2866 / Mk2866 Enobosarm CAS 841205-47-8, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wholesale Soft Hallux Valgus Bunion Corrector Brace for Sport Protection. Dioxins are an unintentional by-600*600mmbathroom Polished Ceramic Floor Tiles Spanish Tile Price. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Coffee Shop Simple Furniture White Marble Top Black Iron Stainless Steel Round Tea Side Table] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Amazon Hot Sale Mini Glass Essential Oil Diffuser Bottle Refill. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,DMF-Z-15s Pulse Valve Goyen Type, Right Angled Solenoid Valve.[Direct Factory Price 70L Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tank] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price,High Purity Food Thickener Xanthan Gum in 80/200 Mesh]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Low Pressure Solar Water Heater Intelligent Controller Sr500 with Ce.[Custom Plastic Transparent PVC Business Card 0.38mm Thickness Name Card]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.High Speed Agent Price Small Sublimation Textile Printer for Sublimation. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Sarms Powder Gw501516 (GSK-516] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Factory Price Air Driven Single Action Gas Automatic Booster Pump. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[PU Foam Wheel From Qingdao Jiaonan Manufacturer (4.00-8)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (2.4G Wireless Ap 200MW X200/Wireless Network/Wireless Access Point/WiFi Ap/WiFi Bridge/WiFi Signal Booster).Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Dn450mm UHP Grade Top Quality Carbon Graphite Electrodes for Electric Arc Furnace Smelting for Sale(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Foldable Lady Footwear Soft Flat Indoor Slipper Shoe (JMC-387N)]

Conclusions

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References