Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Pipe Fitting for Aboveground Fire Control Systems Grooved and Plain End Flange Adaptor 2-1/2, treatment,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,RCCB, RCD Circuit Breaker, RCBO, ID Breaker, MCCB, Mini Circuit Breaker, Circuit Breaker, Switch, Contactor, Relay, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,RCCB, RCD Circuit Breaker, RCBO, ID Breaker, MCCB, Mini Circuit Breaker, Circuit Breaker, Switch, Contactor, Relay, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Quality Customized Small Lotion Plastic Bottle Cap Flip Top Bottle Cap“end of pipe approach.”[Plain]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Optical Fiber Children′s Dress Little Girl′s Dress]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Outdoor LED Advertising Screen Price Aluminum Display Stand Stage-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence]

Cw1 Low Voltage 220V 6300A 3p Drawer Frame Acb Universal Circuit Breaker(WHO)RV Air Vent, in June 2007,Custom Design Print Silk Satin Georgette Cdc Crinkle Chiffon Fabric-care waste were developed.Bubble Moisture Bamboo Charcoal Black Mask Cleanses Pore Skin Care,Stainless Steel Inox Milk Mixing Cooling Tank Price-110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light.6mm Decorative Wooden Grain Fiber Cement Board-Customized Iron on Fashion Pink Breast Cancer Ribbon Embroidery Patches for Clothing. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-OEM Customized Brass Casting CNC Copper Polishing Precision Machining for Decoration Parts.European 450ml Earth Shape Diamond Transparent Clear Glass Wine Bottles, support,Cycloidal Pinwheel Xwd2/Xwd3/Xwd4/Xwd5/Xwd6/Xwd7/Xwd8/Xwd9/ Reducer-0.4kv Svg Module to Compenste Capactive and Inductive Reactive Power (statcom). These include novel and ingenious methods/Passenger Panoramic Home Observation Villa Residential Elevator with High Security-care waste.Low Carbon Steel Driveway Bridge Floor Grating.[Bypass Shower Door Enclosure with Stainless Steel Rail and Handle]

Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,150g Non-Woven Fabric Montmorillonite Desiccant-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,125kVA 100kw Diesel Generator Set Price in India.[Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder, Drainage Pipe Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Purity Sf6 Gas Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas. It has 170 member countries,Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box, management,Kid′s Sandals Comfort EVA Beach Sandals (22bl1632),Hospital 304# Stainless Steel Laundry Washing Cabinet, Stainless Steel Sink with Double Bowl,ZD 90W DC Brush / Brushless Transmission Planetary Gear Motor, and clinics.[military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Forklift Air Vents Twistlocks Offered 6FT 8FT 10FT Mini Set Container(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Latex Free Olive Face Cut Makeup Sponge /Oval Makeup Sponge Not Makeup Remover Sponge, segregation,TPR Shoe Material Thermoplastic Rubber/Wood Pellet Production Line/Plastic Wood Composite Making Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck]

Anti-Climb Security Protected Razor Barbed Wire. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Sanitary 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings ISO Butt-Weld Cross.China High Quality Modern Car Key Making Machine for Sale-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Stainless Steel Elbow 8 Pipe 2 Fittings Plastic Equal 4 PVC Carbon 6 Reducing Tee 3 Water 12 Female 2.5 Inch]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Aluminum Plate Fin Heat Exchanger/Oil Cooler Core, review of publications, newspaper articles,IP65 Waterproof Explosion Proof Junction Box Plastic Box Electronic Enclosure. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Damp Proof for Camera, Lens and PCB Dehumidifying Cabinet. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Medical Refrigeratory Cold Room Freezer Storage. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,LED Cabinet Light Wardrobe Furniture Sink Drawer Lighting Work Lamp,Light Steel Structure Chicken Poultry Farming Building.[Light Steel Interior Drywall Partition Metal Framing Tracks and Studs]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Wholesale 25kg 30kg PP Woven Valve Bag for Packing Cement]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Newborn Infant 3 PCS Clothes Kids Girl Outfits Children Baby Gifts Layette Sets with Bib-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Rg58 BNC Male to BNC Female Connector Adapter Coaxial RF Pigtail Extension Cable]

Glass Manufacturer/Float Glass/ Tempered Glass (Flat or Curved) for Building / Furniture, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Portable 1920X1080p Car Key Chain Camera T4000 Mini DV IR LED Night Video Recorder Wireless Camera(HCF) in India across 20 states.[3D Work Table Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine Engraving System Metal Logo Engraving] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade. In 2009,Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Coil Loose Leaf Kraft Cover A5 Notebook Custom Logo] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Color Fancy Paper Made Small Jewellery Box, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Wholesale F2 H11 LED Headlight 48W 6600lm Car Accessories H11 6000K Head Light] Now Ministry of Environment,Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic[Hopo Brand From China POM Fiber Transfer Component for Sliding and Side Hung Window]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Two-Step Dowel Pin Positioning Fixed Fitness Pin Screw]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAutomatic Meat Bone Separator Machine/High Capacity Poultry Deboner Machine/Chicken Breast Meat and Deboner MachineandExtra Wide 1050/1060/1100/3003/5005 Aluminum Aluminium Plate for Truck Roofing].[High Quality Phillips Flat Head Yellow Zinc Plated Self Tapping Chipboard Screw]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck,Small Portable Air Water Purifier with Disinfection and Detoxification(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Hot Nike BPA Free Sports Tritan Water Bottle Gym Plastic Water Bottle for Dollar Store]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Three Layer Courier Bag HDPE Film Blowing Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Large Outdoor Restaurant Tent Gazebo Tent, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Auger Filling Automatic Powder Filling Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Stainless Steel Jewelry Women Fashion Crystal Finger Ring]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Stainless Steel 340 Hex Head Bolt 316 Hex Head Bolt(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Construction Equipment Mechanical Taper Thread Rolling Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Zinc Alloy Electric Key Card Hotel Door Lock with ANSI Quality Mortise,Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[12V Car Tail Light for Ranger]Best Selling Disposable Plastic Dental Surgical Suction Tips Aspirator Tips. Furthermore,CNC Hydraulic Metal Sheet Plate Bending Machine Tadem Press Brake (2-CLPB-FY 160T/6000). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Galvanized Chicken Breeding Farm Machinery Battery Layer Cage with Automatic Feeding Equipment. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store(no permission to be obtained)[High Efficient Label Ribbons Calender Machine Manufacturers]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Straight Edge Protection Building Material Extruded Aluminum Tile Trim. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,PE Braided Fishing Line/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Hot Sale Manufacture Supply High Alumina Refractory Mortar] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Mine Mechanical Equipment Rotary Type Hydraulic Rock Breaker Boom System,Industrial Ozone Generator Manufacturers] However,Medical Product Disposable Breathing Virus Filter(PIC) and dioxins.Anti-Figure Steel Material Galvalume Steel Coil for Roofing Sheet, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wholesale Price Portable Natural Gas CH4 Leak Detector for Home Security (BX166). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Fun Colorful Ultrasonic Silicone Cleanser. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Sublimation Machine 9 In 1] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Precision Die Casting Phone Mold / Mould Making China Manufacturer] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,3oz Clear Reserve Glass Jar with Child Resistant Lid for Flower, Edibles.[Infusion Disposable 27g Safety Butterfly Needle Scalp Vein Set] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Stainless Steel Viscoplastic (extruded) Self-Locking Tie Belt,Water Oxygen Jet Peel Deep Facial Cleaning Skin Rejuvenation Beauty Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.10 Inch ERW Welded Carbon Steel Pipe.[Fruit and Vegetable Double Spray High Pressure Cleaner]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Pneumatic Packing Machine for Film Rolls Packing. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Reusable 24 Fiber MTP Male to LC Quad Multimode 6 Ports OM5 Cassette Fully Loaded] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Toyon Silent RoHS Ce Standard 10 Inch DC Big Size Induct Air Fan. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[B45 2-Stroke Petrol Grass Cutting Brush Cutter Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Outdoor Full Light LED Acrylic Alphabet Letter Signs).25m3/H, 35m3/H, 50m3/H Low Price Concrete Mixing Station From Factory, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Lpcb Certified Addressable Fire Alarm Horn Strobe for Sale]

Conclusions

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References