Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Solar off Grid 192V DC to 380V AC Pure Sine Wave Inverter, treatment,11 Years Experience Good Price Anti-Glare 20W 30W Recessed Ceiling LED Downlight. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Home Furniture Coffee Table with Nature Marble Top“end of pipe approach.”[Bamboo Plain Dyed Bed Sheet Set]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Buildings of Steel Structure for Sale]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/13.3 Inch Internet Touch Screen Advertising Kiosk-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Original Kingmax 2 Inch (5.5HP) Portable Kerosene Gasoline Water Pump with Silver Muffler]

High Temperature PTFE Back up Ring Made in China(WHO)Bucket Hat in Floral Fabric (BT005), in June 2007,High Reflective Aluminum Sheet-care waste were developed.Cross Belt Magnetic Belt Separator for Removing Iron,New Aluminium Alloys Quality Unique Raised Luxury Pet Dog Bed 4-Customized Wholesale China Supply PCB PCBA Prototype PCB Electronic Circuit Board.Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo-Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-AAC MachineAAC Plant AAC Block Plant.Direct Factory Price 70L Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tank, support,Dimmable Linkable Lighting Fixture Recessed Office Linear Light Recessed Wall Lamp-High Speed 33 Head Computerized Quilting Machine for Embroidery. These include novel and ingenious methods/China Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric-care waste.Ductile Iron or Grey Iron Casting with Valve Body Parts.[Auto Inspection Machine]

RGBW Dining Room LED Pub Table Sets for Sale-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Jsm S9-500kVA/33kv Oil Immersed Power Transformer Distribution Transformer-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,5V USB Charging Port Rechargeable 48V Downtube Ebike Battery 13s5p 48V 17.5ah Hailong Battery.[Plain]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Lead Edge 3 Color Printing Slotting Rotary Die Cutter Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print. It has 170 member countries,Insulation Material for Glass Curtain Wall, management,China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle,Solar System PV Energy Mounting Structure for Solar Panel Installation,High Output Transparent Pet Sheet for Thermforming, and clinics.[Optical Fiber Children′s Dress Little Girl′s Dress]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)0.45mm Transparent Rigid Pet Sheet Roll for Vacuum Forming(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Full Range Diameter PE Pipe for Water Supply Transport, segregation,Plastic Gas and Water End Protective Covers (YZF-H26), training, and proper collection and transport.[Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence]

220VAC 7g Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifier. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Big Size OEM Metal Home Travel Office Outdoor First Aid Kit.Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress, review of publications, newspaper articles,Modern and High Quality Office Furniture Swing Door Steel Filing Cabinet Steel Cabinet. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Stone Honeycomb Panel with Granite on Top. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.12HP Mini Tractor for Sale, Farm Tractor. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Customized Natural Mini Hair Care Bamboo Massage Comb,Laundry Detergent Pacs Laundry Pods Bulk with Bleach and Softener.[Seasoned Cast Iron South Africa Three Legged Potjie Pot]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,New Custom Polarized Cycling Sunglasses Bike Sports Sun Glasses-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Stainless Steel Elbow 8 Pipe 2 Fittings Plastic Equal 4 PVC Carbon 6 Reducing Tee 3 Water 12 Female 2.5 Inch]

200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,15mm Type B Bond Birch Exterior Plywood with High Strength(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wholesale 25kg 30kg PP Woven Valve Bag for Packing Cement] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Speed Shutters for Clear Room, Food Factory Ect.. In 2009,Stainless Steel Pipe for Exhaust System SUH409L/1.4510/441/436L/304, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160)] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,1300mm X 2500mm Woodworking CNC Router, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box] Now Ministry of Environment,Fy4803500 48V 3.5A DC Power Adapter with Certificate[Rg58 BNC Male to BNC Female Connector Adapter Coaxial RF Pigtail Extension Cable]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [3D Work Table Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine Engraving System Metal Logo Engraving]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWholesale F2 H11 LED Headlight 48W 6600lm Car Accessories H11 6000K Head LightandMan Slipper].[Hopo Brand From China POM Fiber Transfer Component for Sliding and Side Hung Window]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Custom ID Card Holder Soft PVC Plastic Transparent Horizontal and Verticalbusiness Card Holder (14),High Quality Five Finger Disposable Black Nitrile Glove(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Mini X Pencil Hard Tag with Lanyard (YS227)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Customized Plastic Injection Molding Large Size Plastic Enclosure]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.OEM Customized Safety Reflective Fluorescent Pants, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. High Precision Die Casting Phone Mold / Mould Making China Manufacturer, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Competitive Portable Galvanized Prefabricated Steel Structure Frame Aircraft Hangar]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Nike BPA Free Sports Tritan Water Bottle Gym Plastic Water Bottle for Dollar Store]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Factory Direct Straight Top Wrought Iron Door(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Cheap ABS Children Travel Luggage Bag Trolley 18 Inch Cartoon Character Kid Luggage

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Agriculture Rubber Matting/Cow Horse Matting/Animal Rubber Mat,Coin IC Card Operated Bottled RO Water Purifier System Pure Water Vending Machine with UV

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Customized Plastic Injection Molding Accessories]Motor Controller AC Driver Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive AC230V AC380V Variable Frequen AC Drive/AC Drive Vector Control Frequency Inverter. Furthermore,Delrin Sheets with Good Wear Resistance. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,ISO Factory of Surface Welding Disk Disc Cutter Ring. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence(no permission to be obtained)[Three Layer Courier Bag HDPE Film Blowing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Factory Sale Standard Welding Rotator Pipe Rotator. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Industrial Ce Approved 15HP Stump Grinder. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Customized Packing Agrochemical Tebuconazole/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[5MP 12.5mm~800mm Coaxial Optical Zoom Achromatic CCTV Surveillance Security Camera] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Stainless Steel Jewelry Women Fashion Crystal Finger Ring,High Efficient Label Ribbons Calender Machine Manufacturers] However,Lianggong Factory Supply Good Quality High-Strength Tie Rod for Construction Formwork System(PIC) and dioxins.900lb/1500lb/2500lb Pressure Seal Flanged End Gate Valve (GAZ541H), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Global Shining Ceramic Tile Inkjet Digital 5D UV Printer. Dioxins are an unintentional by-HD Industry Inspection Endoscope Camera with 5.5 mm Camera Lens Diameter, 1.5 M Testing Cable, 4.5 Inches Monitor Size. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Aroma Diffuser] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Qg Series Steel Pipe Shot Blasting Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Sale Manufacture Supply High Alumina Refractory Mortar] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Biodegradable Clear Zipper Lock Plastic Packing Bag for Underwear.[Mine Mechanical Equipment Rotary Type Hydraulic Rock Breaker Boom System] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Industrial Ozone Generator Manufacturers,High Precision Die Casting Phone Mold / Mould Making China Manufacturer]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Precision Professional Customized Durable Aluminum Die Casting Moulding Parts.[Optimizer Cellular]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.6BXM3501 600X600mm Archaized Linen Finished Rustic Tiles for Wall & Floor Decorative. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Infusion Disposable 27g Safety Butterfly Needle Scalp Vein Set] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,R134A Commercial Single Door Showcase Vertical Refrigerator for Drinks LG-430f. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Stainless Steel Viscoplastic (extruded) Self-Locking Tie Belt]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (2018 Unisex New Fashion Mens Custom Nylon Nato Strap Band Wooden Dw Three Hands Watch #V567).Milk Powder Packing Machine -Can/ Jar/Bottle, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Water Oxygen Jet Peel Deep Facial Cleaning Skin Rejuvenation Beauty Machine]

Conclusions

Custom Made Gym Wear Women Tights Legging,ERW Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water and Gas Construction Tubes-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,High Carbon Black Round Small Tension Spring Steel Wire. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Hot Sale Shacman F3000 HOWO 6X4 Dump Truck with Cummins Engine 385HP. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Handpiece G+E Handpiece IPL Beauty Equipment, Hair Removal Skin Care Machines, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-0.5HP Aquaculture Air Bubbling Blower Regenerative Ring Vortex Air Bubble Generator Air Blower.6 Meter Length ASTM A106 Gr B Sch40 Black Seamless Steel Pipe.

References