Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat, treatment,30kw Power Portable Electric Soundproof Isuzu /Forward Engine Diesel Generator Set. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,HS-Hhg Brand 1ton 3meters Brearing Chain Pulley Block Vital Chain Block“end of pipe approach.”[Roll Crusher Used for Animal Feed]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Phone Display Fittings for Mobile Phone Shop Interior Design]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Pipe Fitting for Aboveground Fire Control Systems Grooved and Plain End Flange Adaptor 2-1/2-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Loss Weight Cavitation Machine RF Ultrasonic Slimming]

Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools(WHO)RCCB, RCD Circuit Breaker, RCBO, ID Breaker, MCCB, Mini Circuit Breaker, Circuit Breaker, Switch, Contactor, Relay, in June 2007,High Quality Customized Small Lotion Plastic Bottle Cap Flip Top Bottle Cap-care waste were developed.High Quality Outdoor LED Advertising Screen Price Aluminum Display Stand Stage,Cw1 Low Voltage 220V 6300A 3p Drawer Frame Acb Universal Circuit Breaker-RV Air Vent.Custom Design Print Silk Satin Georgette Cdc Crinkle Chiffon Fabric-Bubble Moisture Bamboo Charcoal Black Mask Cleanses Pore Skin Care. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Stainless Steel Inox Milk Mixing Cooling Tank Price.110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light, support,6mm Decorative Wooden Grain Fiber Cement Board-Customized Iron on Fashion Pink Breast Cancer Ribbon Embroidery Patches for Clothing. These include novel and ingenious methods/OEM Customized Brass Casting CNC Copper Polishing Precision Machining for Decoration Parts-care waste.European 450ml Earth Shape Diamond Transparent Clear Glass Wine Bottles.[Rubber Remote Control Cover Made by Plastic Injection (STK-PLS-012)]

Cycloidal Pinwheel Xwd2/Xwd3/Xwd4/Xwd5/Xwd6/Xwd7/Xwd8/Xwd9/ Reducer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,0.4kv Svg Module to Compenste Capactive and Inductive Reactive Power (statcom)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Passenger Panoramic Home Observation Villa Residential Elevator with High Security.[110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Low Carbon Steel Driveway Bridge Floor Grating. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle. It has 170 member countries,150g Non-Woven Fabric Montmorillonite Desiccant, management,125kVA 100kw Diesel Generator Set Price in India,High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder, Drainage Pipe Machine,High Purity Sf6 Gas Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, and clinics.[Guaranteed Quality WPC PVC Flooring/Vinyl Wood Plank Flooring 2mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 7mm Avaliable]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Kid′s Sandals Comfort EVA Beach Sandals (22bl1632), segregation,Hospital 304# Stainless Steel Laundry Washing Cabinet, Stainless Steel Sink with Double Bowl, training, and proper collection and transport.[Supermarket Chest Type Display Freezer with Sliding Glass Door]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.TPR Shoe Material Thermoplastic Rubber/Wood Pellet Production Line/Plastic Wood Composite Making Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Anti-Climb Security Protected Razor Barbed Wire. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Sanitary 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings ISO Butt-Weld Cross. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.China High Quality Modern Car Key Making Machine for Sale. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Aluminum Plate Fin Heat Exchanger/Oil Cooler Core,IP65 Waterproof Explosion Proof Junction Box Plastic Box Electronic Enclosure.[fused alumina wfa]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[PVC Flexible Pipe Hose Garden Hose Reel Cart (KS-3020HT)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Damp Proof for Camera, Lens and PCB Dehumidifying Cabinet-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hot Sale CAS 24916-51-6 Acetylspiramycin]

Medical Refrigeratory Cold Room Freezer Storage, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,LED Cabinet Light Wardrobe Furniture Sink Drawer Lighting Work Lamp(HCF) in India across 20 states.[New Aluminium Alloys Quality Unique Raised Luxury Pet Dog Bed 4] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Light Steel Structure Chicken Poultry Farming Building. In 2009,Newborn Infant 3 PCS Clothes Kids Girl Outfits Children Baby Gifts Layette Sets with Bib, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Luxury Handbags Women Bags Designer Crocodile Chain Shoulder Crossbody Bags] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Glass Manufacturer/Float Glass/ Tempered Glass (Flat or Curved) for Building / Furniture, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Professional Manufacturer Animal Feed Pellet Mill with Good Quality] Now Ministry of Environment,Portable 1920X1080p Car Key Chain Camera T4000 Mini DV IR LED Night Video Recorder Wireless Camera[100bph-10000bph Poultry Slaughter Equipment Stainless Steel Chickens Feather Plucker Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [in China Sell Well Extrusion and Stamping Die]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLamella Clarifier for Wastewater Sedimentation TreatmentandColor Changing Gel Polish Factory OEM/ODM Products].[Desktop LCD Mount with 4-Monitor 10-32 (LCD 0004)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade,Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Superfine Anti-Slip Class Spc Flooring Rigid Vinyl Plank 48′x9′]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[8e6208 Heavy Machine Bucket Tooth Pins Retainer for Excavator Loader]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Color Fancy Paper Made Small Jewellery Box, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Nonwoven Fabric Cloth PP Geotextile]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Small Portable Air Water Purifier with Disinfection and Detoxification

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stainless Steel 340 Hex Head Bolt 316 Hex Head Bolt,Construction Equipment Mechanical Taper Thread Rolling Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Keep Warm So Cool Pet Jacket Clothes]0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. Furthermore,Zinc Alloy Electric Key Card Hotel Door Lock with ANSI Quality Mortise. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Luxury Prefab Ready Made Economical Portable Tiny Home Modular House(no permission to be obtained)[Best Selection Assorted Colour Available Romantic Valentine Heart Candles for Cake]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Best Selling Disposable Plastic Dental Surgical Suction Tips Aspirator Tips

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,CNC Hydraulic Metal Sheet Plate Bending Machine Tadem Press Brake (2-CLPB-FY 160T/6000). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hongli Manual Pipe Reamer for 1/8-2 Inch Pipes (M2)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Ye3 4kw Three-Phase Asynchronous Squirrel-Cage Cast Iron Induction Electric Motor] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[50*100 Rectangular Fiberglass Profile FRP GRP Composite Pultruded Tube,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker] However,High Qualtity Silky 3D Printer PLA Filament(PIC) and dioxins.Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Straight Edge Protection Building Material Extruded Aluminum Tile Trim. Dioxins are an unintentional by-PE Braided Fishing Line. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Disposable Surgical Sterile Breathing Filter/ Artificial Nose for Medical Use] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Medical Product Disposable Breathing Virus Filter. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[LC/Upc-LC/Upc Single-Mode Simplex Fiber Optic Adapter] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Anti-Figure Steel Material Galvalume Steel Coil for Roofing Sheet.[Drywall Partion Light Steel Keel Stud] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[RO Membrane Waste Groundwater Treatment Plant with Groundwater Pond,Electro Galvanized Iron Wire Mesh Cattle Fencing]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Wholesale Price Portable Natural Gas CH4 Leak Detector for Home Security (BX166).[Advertising TV with USB Port 43 Inch LCD Display Ad Player 43inch Advertising LED Display]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Fun Colorful Ultrasonic Silicone Cleanser. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Empty Vegetable Capsules Clear Size 0 1 2 3] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Abrasive Wheel for Grinding Industrial Belt Brush Removal Conveyor Belt Wire]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (3oz Clear Reserve Glass Jar with Child Resistant Lid for Flower, Edibles).10 Inch ERW Welded Carbon Steel Pipe, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Pneumatic Packing Machine for Film Rolls Packing(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Manganese Casting Nordberg Mettso Sandvik Spare Concave Cone Crusher Parts]

Conclusions

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References