Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Costomized Pressure Storage Tank Chemical Manufacturing Vessel, treatment,Non Woven Dust Pollution Face Mask 4 Ply Activated Carbon Face Mask. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,33/11kv Dry Type Cast Resin Power Transformer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,33/11kv Dry Type Cast Resin Power Transformer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Best Quality Hot-Selling Window Shutter Honeycomb/Beehive/Cellular Rolller Blind“end of pipe approach.”[Insulation Material for Glass Curtain Wall]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[No Pollution Solar Battery 12V 50ah LiFePO4 Solar Batteries for Home]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Sunbird Industrial Waterproof Lamp Fixture Explosion-Proof Factory Light-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Wholesale 1000ml Aromatherapy Diffuser Hotel Scent Air Machine for Sale]

Gringding Machine on The Fertilizer Production Line(WHO)Cylinder Head for OEM 96440128 Captiva Z20s Engine Gasoline Car, in June 2007,China Professional Mesh Belt Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment Manufacturer-care waste were developed.Plain Galvanized Flooring Grating with Galvanization,Women Training Vest with Shorts Sexy Sports Athletic Fitness Wear-FRP Pultrusion Profiles for Cooling Tower.Beer Custom Cooler Full Color Print PP Non Woven 6 Can Cooler Bag-Cheapest PU Leather Canvas Man and Women Travel Bag (RS-8651). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-LED Projection Wall Washer Light Outdoor 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct Sales.5m Mould AAC Brick Plant, support,PVC Flexible Pipe Hose Garden Hose Reel Cart (KS-3020HT)-2010 Zoomlion 40meters Refurbished Truk Mounted Concrete Pump. These include novel and ingenious methods/Neodymium NdFeB Countersunk Hole Holding Pot Magnet-care waste.Color Crinted Plaid 4mm Woven Wool Felt Fabric Anti-Static Moving Blanket.[Zxx-1325b 3 Axis CNC Router for Glass Notching and Milling]

Factory Glow in The Dark Outdoor Basketball Net-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,14inch High Performance Marble Diamond Saw Blade-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Gabion Boxs / Gabion Cases.[Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Chicken Slaughtering Equipment/High Efficiency/ Halal Slaughtering. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

China High Quality Turbo Diamond Cutting Blade. It has 170 member countries,80-200W LED High Mast Flood Projector Lighting for High-Pole Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court, management,Newest Dry Herb Vaporizer Mini Glass Water Pipe 7 Pipe Twisty Glass Blunt Vaporizer for Herb,Advanced Rubber Mulch Waste Tire Recycling Plant in Low Cost,RS485 RS232 Digital Capacitive Diesel Tank Level Sensor, and clinics.[Ce ISO Certificate Best Quality Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Anti Aging Gel]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Forged Steel Sw-NPT Completed Gate Valve(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Guangli Factory Auto Line Produce Economic Type Used Spray Booth Baking Overn Paint Booth with Lighting, segregation,High Visibility Trousers Reflective Safety Work Pants, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Drainage Pipe Machine]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Super Quality ESD Soft-Soled Shoes Safety Shoes Cleanroom Anti-Static Boots Work Shoes, review of publications, newspaper articles,Mini X Pencil Hard Tag with Lanyard (YS227). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Transformer Core Winding Transformer Core Winding. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.PVC Profile Wall Panel Plastic Extrusion Machine Equipment. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Best Hot Selling Home Using Gold Thread,100 Ton Sliding Hydraulic Press Lighting Parts Deep Drawing Press.[65w Laser Cutter]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fruit Crate Mould Crate Storage Injection Molding Custom Plastic]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Apply to Metso Nordberg Gp11f Single Cylinder Cone Crusher Spare Parts Air Cooler] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Tractor Mounted Beach Cleaning Equipment Large Size-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[100 Cotton Hotel Twin Duvet Covers]

Smart Home Automation Remote Control Touch Light Switch Kl-K400c, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Gym Fitness Exercise Sporting Body Building Bicep Press(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Sunglass Display Cabinet for Retail Shop] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%OEM Astmb111 C44300/En12451 Cuzn28sn1as/BS2781-3 CZ111 Admiralty Brass Tube Pipe for Steam Turbine with Factory Price. In 2009,Factory Wall PVC Panel for Bathroom, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[13.56mhz Epoxy Key Chain] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Roller Chain Wheel with BV Certificate Best Quality, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Warehouse Flared Welded Galvanized Steel Metal Storage Wire Mesh Deck for Pallet Racking] Now Ministry of Environment,92%&95% Alumina Ceramic Abrasive Resistant Tube[600*600mmbathroom Polished Ceramic Floor Tiles Spanish Tile Price]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Flexible Soft Plastic PVC Garden Hose Extrusion Production Line]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables4K Digital Samrt Board Touch Monitor LCD Touch Screen Touch Display Interactive WhiteboardandHydraulic Hose Malaysia].[ Hot Water and Cold Water Pipe]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,in China Sell Well Extrusion and Stamping Die,17oz Double Walled Stainless Steel Vacuum Flask Water Bottle(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Diesel Engien Mobile Log Debarking Machine for Beech Oak Wood]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Bamboo Plain Dyed Bed Sheet Set]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.4K HDMI V2.0 Switch 5X1, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Elastic Workshop Office Gym Rubber Flooring Tiles/Rubber Floor Mat/Garage Floor, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Buildings of Steel Structure for Sale]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Original Kingmax 2 Inch (5.5HP) Portable Kerosene Gasoline Water Pump with Silver Muffler]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Clear/Transparent PVC Film Rolls for Bed Sheet Bags or Bedding Packaging(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Drop Stitch 2 Person Inflatable Fishing Kayak with Removable Seats

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Hexagon Flat Head Dispensing Anti-Loose Mechanical Screw,Pet Food Machine Dry Pet Food Pellet Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[High Quality Stacking Plastic Crystal Bar Stool Chiavari Napoloen Chair]Aluminum-Clad Steel Spool Insulator Metal Tie. Furthermore,Customized Length Medical Suction Connecting Tube with Yankauer Handle Crowed/Standard Tip. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,LCD Display Pure Sine Wave 10kVA-300kVA Modular Online UPS Power Supply. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,PP Cartridge Ultra Filter for Water Treatment in All Size(no permission to be obtained)[Plain]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Hme Filter (heat and moisture exchanger filter)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Beer Carbonated Beverage Soft Drink Can Filling and Sealing Canning Line Machine Small. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stainless Steel Jewelry Women Fashion Crystal Finger Ring. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Christmas Ribbon Jute Ribbon for Christmas Ribbon Bows Making/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Optical Fiber Children′s Dress Little Girl′s Dress] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence,Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack] However,Vegetables/Garden/Flowers/Farm Plasti⪞ Film Tunnel Greenhouse(PIC) and dioxins.2018 Vacuum Powder Insulation Liquid Oxygen LNG LPG CO2 Storage Tank with ASME Standard, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Plain, Hot-DIP Galvanized Bar Grating Wg355/30/100. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Best Wireless Video Doorbell] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,All Size Colored Tapping Hex Head Self Drill Screw Wood Screw. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[military IP68 waterproof connector INT-EGG. 1K. 2K. 3K. 308.310.314. CLL. CLN] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Super Amoled for Samsung Galaxy S6 LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer for Samsung S6 Display G920A G920f LCD Display Burn-Shadow.[Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Stainless Steel Elbow 8 Pipe 2 Fittings Plastic Equal 4 PVC Carbon 6 Reducing Tee 3 Water 12 Female 2.5 Inch,Wholesale 25kg 30kg PP Woven Valve Bag for Packing Cement]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Silicon Ecofriendly Folded Pet Feeding Colorful Buckle Dog Bowls.[Excavator Cabin]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Environment Save Energy Stability Burn-in Test Equipment. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Medical Disposable Surgical Staple 35W Skin Stapler for Surgical Usage. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Rg58 BNC Male to BNC Female Connector Adapter Coaxial RF Pigtail Extension Cable]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Stainless Steel Viscoplastic (extruded) Self-Locking Tie Belt).Trendy Beach Bag Canvas Cotton Travel Tote Bags with Zipper, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,5 Layers Absorbent Paper - Wrapping by Nonwoven Diaper Raw Material(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[3D Work Table Portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine Engraving System Metal Logo Engraving]

Conclusions

Straw Hat Summer Spring Women′s Trip Caps Leisure Pearl Beach Sun Hats,ISO Ingress Protection Test Equipment Sand and Dust Test Chamber-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Body Sculpting Vacuum RF Cavitation Machine Body Slimming and Fat Reduction Equipment. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Briefcase A4 Size Felt Document Bag. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Er06 Loader China 600kg Garden Tractor Mini Wheel Loader, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Plastic of Wall Munting Type Ozone Generator.Hydraulic Cutting Steel Profile Channel Shape Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine.

References