Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)5 Layers Absorbent Paper - Wrapping by Nonwoven Diaper Raw Material, treatment,Europe Auto/Bus/Truck Car Spray Paint Booth for Sale. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Woodworking Machinery Single-Spindle Moulder Milling Groove/ Conventional Universal Small Wood Milling Machine CNC, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Woodworking Machinery Single-Spindle Moulder Milling Groove/ Conventional Universal Small Wood Milling Machine CNC, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Custom Precision Electroplating Stainless Steel / Aluminum/ Brass/Bronze Sheet Metal Part Stamping“end of pipe approach.”[High Quality Sleeping Well Cheap Bed Sponge Mattress in a Box]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Windshield Washer Bottle One Way]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Safe Durable Metal Scaffold Plank for Construction-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Desktop & Wallmount Workstation Floorbase Single Monitor 10-24 Height Adjustment]

Cow Dung Compost Organic Fertilizer Granules Machine(WHO)W24s Hydraulic Steel Profile Coiling Equipment, in June 2007,Lpcb Certified Addressable Fire Alarm Horn Strobe for Sale-care waste were developed.Food Supplement Zinc Enriched Yeast Powder for Improve Immunity,Natural Looking Synthetic Turf for Landscaping Grass-China Maker High Precision Powder Metallurgy Gear.2.3*25 Concrete Nails-China Manufacturer Price for Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda Flake with 99% Min. Purity. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Quality Sleeping Well Cheap Bed Sponge Mattress in a Box.Straw Hat Summer Spring Women′s Trip Caps Leisure Pearl Beach Sun Hats, support,ISO Ingress Protection Test Equipment Sand and Dust Test Chamber-Body Sculpting Vacuum RF Cavitation Machine Body Slimming and Fat Reduction Equipment. These include novel and ingenious methods/Briefcase A4 Size Felt Document Bag-care waste.Er06 Loader China 600kg Garden Tractor Mini Wheel Loader.[80W Portable Solar Panel Kit with Battery Clamp for Car]

Plastic of Wall Munting Type Ozone Generator-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hydraulic Cutting Steel Profile Channel Shape Metal C Purlin Roll Forming Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,180, 220, 360 Rotary Actuator Cylinder.[2019 Dlc4.4 UL Approved 603X1213mm LED Panel Light with 105lm/W 130lm/W]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Foldable Mat for Kids Play Mat. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

30kw Power Portable Electric Soundproof Isuzu /Forward Engine Diesel Generator Set. It has 170 member countries,CF8m Ss Flanged End ISO5211 Pad 1PC Wafer Ball Valve, management,HS-Hhg Brand 1ton 3meters Brearing Chain Pulley Block Vital Chain Block,Pipe Fitting for Aboveground Fire Control Systems Grooved and Plain End Flange Adaptor 2-1/2,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools, and clinics.[6I6608 Teeth Pins]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)RCCB, RCD Circuit Breaker, RCBO, ID Breaker, MCCB, Mini Circuit Breaker, Circuit Breaker, Switch, Contactor, Relay(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.High Quality Customized Small Lotion Plastic Bottle Cap Flip Top Bottle Cap, segregation,High Quality Outdoor LED Advertising Screen Price Aluminum Display Stand Stage, training, and proper collection and transport.[Densen Customized Alloy Steel Water Glass Casting Parts for Agricultural Machine]

Cw1 Low Voltage 220V 6300A 3p Drawer Frame Acb Universal Circuit Breaker. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,RV Air Vent.Custom Design Print Silk Satin Georgette Cdc Crinkle Chiffon Fabric-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wireless Remote Control Wafer Motorized Modulating Butterfly Valve]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Bubble Moisture Bamboo Charcoal Black Mask Cleanses Pore Skin Care, review of publications, newspaper articles,Stainless Steel Inox Milk Mixing Cooling Tank Price. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.6mm Decorative Wooden Grain Fiber Cement Board. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Customized Iron on Fashion Pink Breast Cancer Ribbon Embroidery Patches for Clothing,OEM Customized Brass Casting CNC Copper Polishing Precision Machining for Decoration Parts.[Aluminium Window Company]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,European 450ml Earth Shape Diamond Transparent Clear Glass Wine Bottles-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Ductile Iron Universal Flexible Quick Flange Adaptor Dn400]

Cycloidal Pinwheel Xwd2/Xwd3/Xwd4/Xwd5/Xwd6/Xwd7/Xwd8/Xwd9/ Reducer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,0.4kv Svg Module to Compenste Capactive and Inductive Reactive Power (statcom)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wholesale Soft Hallux Valgus Bunion Corrector Brace for Sport Protection] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Passenger Panoramic Home Observation Villa Residential Elevator with High Security. In 2009,Low Carbon Steel Driveway Bridge Floor Grating, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[www.yxzx-extrusion.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Yellow Transparent 2inch 48micron BOPP Adhesive Packaging Tape] Now Ministry of Environment,150g Non-Woven Fabric Montmorillonite Desiccant[High Brightness IP67 Red Color SMD5050 Chip 60leds 14.4W DC12V LED Strip]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [High Quality Cat Tree with Plush and Sisal Materials]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPVC PP PE Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Making Machine/Plastic Flexible Pipe Extrusion Machine/LineandHigh Speed Automatic Wet Wipes Making Machine (BWL-40)].[Morcellator Set Gynecology Hysterectomy/Uterectomy Simple Uterine Manipulator]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

ZD 90W DC Brush / Brushless Transmission Planetary Gear Motor

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Iron Foundry Sand Casting Forging Automobile Parts

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication Bending Part

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

OEM Personalized Print Watermelon Fruit Small Cute Coin Purse

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,125kVA 100kw Diesel Generator Set Price in India,High Speed Double Wall Corrugated Pipe Extruder, Drainage Pipe Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[14′′ Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Pizza Pan]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ Plastic Bag]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Purity Sf6 Gas Sulfur Hexafluoride Gas, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Red Plastic LED Light Ring Box and Pendant Box, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Concrete Floor Grinding Disc Machine for Four Segments]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Electric Tower Crane Arm Single-Arm Endoscopic Pendant Esp-220/380e]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Kid′s Sandals Comfort EVA Beach Sandals (22bl1632)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hospital 304# Stainless Steel Laundry Washing Cabinet, Stainless Steel Sink with Double Bowl

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. ZD 90W DC Brush / Brushless Transmission Planetary Gear Motor

   5. Forklift Air Vents Twistlocks Offered 6FT 8FT 10FT Mini Set Container

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Latex Free Olive Face Cut Makeup Sponge /Oval Makeup Sponge Not Makeup Remover Sponge,TPR Shoe Material Thermoplastic Rubber/Wood Pellet Production Line/Plastic Wood Composite Making Machine

   7. Anti-Climb Security Protected Razor Barbed Wire/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Silk/ Woolen/ Cotton Quilt Filler Making Machines for Blanket Quilting Machine Parts with Lowest Price with Best Service in for Ukraine Market]Sanitary 304 Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings ISO Butt-Weld Cross. Furthermore,China High Quality Modern Car Key Making Machine for Sale. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Aluminum Plate Fin Heat Exchanger/Oil Cooler Core. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,IP65 Waterproof Explosion Proof Junction Box Plastic Box Electronic Enclosure(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Metal Enclosure Steel Cabinet Metal Server Rack]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Damp Proof for Camera, Lens and PCB Dehumidifying Cabinet

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Medical Refrigeratory Cold Room Freezer Storage. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stainless Steel 340 Hex Head Bolt 316 Hex Head Bolt. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Construction Equipment Mechanical Taper Thread Rolling Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Speed Folding Napkin Tissue Paper Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Outdoor Solar Garden Path Step Stairs Way Yard Decoration Lamp Driveway Lawn Light,Bearing Unit/Stainless Steel Pillow Block Bearing/Rolamentos] However,Small Size Precut Well Sealed White Melamine Chipboard for Wardore Making(PIC) and dioxins.0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Zinc Alloy Electric Key Card Hotel Door Lock with ANSI Quality Mortise. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Abrasive Roloc Easy Strip Disc (Professional manufacturer)] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Luxury Prefab Ready Made Economical Portable Tiny Home Modular House. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[50 Grams Ozone Producing Device for Makeup Toner Producing Plant] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Best Selling Disposable Plastic Dental Surgical Suction Tips Aspirator Tips.[Small Portable Car Air Purifier with Ionic] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Organic Fertilizer Granulator / Fertilizer Production Equipment,Factory Direct Billet Heating IGBT Metal Induction Heater]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.CNC Hydraulic Metal Sheet Plate Bending Machine Tadem Press Brake (2-CLPB-FY 160T/6000).[Sand Casting Front Idler/Idler Wheel/Front Idler Group with Painting with OEM Service]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Galvanized Chicken Breeding Farm Machinery Battery Layer Cage with Automatic Feeding Equipment. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Spindle Bore 225mm Pipe Thread Cutting CNC Oil Country Lathe Machine (QK1322)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Galvanized Binding Wire 20gauge Galvanized Steel Wire High Carbon]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC)).Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Automatic Seaweed Vermicelli Noodle Weighing Packaging Packing Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[CNC Machining High Precision A380 Die-Casting Aluminum Auto Spare Parts]

Conclusions

PE Braided Fishing Line,Medical Product Disposable Breathing Virus Filter-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Anti-Figure Steel Material Galvalume Steel Coil for Roofing Sheet. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Wholesale Price Portable Natural Gas CH4 Leak Detector for Home Security (BX166). The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Fun Colorful Ultrasonic Silicone Cleanser, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine.3oz Clear Reserve Glass Jar with Child Resistant Lid for Flower, Edibles.

References