Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Custom CNC Milling Parts in Stainless Steel 304 Aluminum 6061/7075-T6, treatment,Recycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Cotton Custom Printed Men Pullover Hoodies (T38), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Cotton Custom Printed Men Pullover Hoodies (T38), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Fruit Crate Mould Crate Storage Injection Molding Custom Plastic“end of pipe approach.”[Trendy Beach Bag Canvas Cotton Travel Tote Bags with Zipper]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Precision Professional Customized Durable Aluminum Die Casting Moulding Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Diesel Engine Cylinder Head Short Cylinder Block for Cummins 6b 6bt 6D102 Engine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic]

50m Underground Long Range Metal Detector with Best Performance(WHO)super soft individually packed disposable nonwoven face mask, in June 2007,Lady′s V Neck Dry-Fit Sports Wear in Lemon Green-care waste were developed.Cptau Series Pre Cu and Al Insulated Bimetallic Cable Lugs,Wholesale 25kg 30kg PP Woven Valve Bag for Packing Cement-Wholesale 1000ml Aromatherapy Diffuser Hotel Scent Air Machine for Sale.Ktm Cross (Hz8023) Pipe Fittings for Pex-Al-Pex Pipe, Aluminium Plastic Pipe, Hot Water and Cold Water Pipe-Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-1 1/2 Inch En 10305 St52 Schedule80 Cold Drawn Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe.100bph-10000bph Poultry Slaughter Equipment Stainless Steel Chickens Feather Plucker Machine, support,Small Freeze Dryer for Experiment-Desktop & Wallmount Workstation Floorbase Single Monitor 10-24 Height Adjustment. These include novel and ingenious methods/CNC Machine Part Ball Screw and End Support-care waste.High Quality Aluminium Foil 8011/1235 for Household Usage.[Rf Connector]

Audi Tt RS Licensed Ride on Car, Kids Electric Ride on Car, 6V Ride on Toy-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Yingjiao Competitive Price Lipo Sans Lithium Class 2 Battery Charger-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,OEM Factory with Waterproof PE/CPE Disposable Shoe Cover.[Professional 6 Litre Digital Cavitek Ultrasonic Cleaner Tank with Heated Bath -220V]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,15kw Battery System 15kw Solar Power System 15kw Grid Tie Solar Power System. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

aluminium sheet disc. It has 170 member countries,15ml 18ml Glass Fish Model Perfume Bottle with Plastic Sprayer, management,Feather Sequins Embroidery Lace Fabric for High Quality Women Dress,304 Stainless Steel Wire Netting 0.5mm for Filtering,High Quality Auto Parts Hot Sale Spark Plug 18814-11051, and clinics.[Expanded PS Plastic Rolling Foam Sheet Making Machine for Disposable Meal Box]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Portable Vacuum Pump Transformer Oil Purification Machine Model Zy(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wood Plastic Floor Panel Extrusion Mould, segregation,Flat Comfortable and Lightweight Sports Shoes Outdoor Shoes, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wedge Lock/Ring-Lock Scaffolding Vertical Pipe]

Steel Grating for Industrial Platforms, Access Floors 203. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,30W Motion Sensor Dimming Solar Lighting System Solar Garden Lamp.Comfortable Men′s Safety Shoes Sport in Guangzhou-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[(JC-3080) Wooden Case Packaging New Condition Automatic Ultrasonic Label Cutting Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Guaranteed Quality WPC PVC Flooring/Vinyl Wood Plank Flooring 2mm 3mm 4mm 5mm 6mm 7mm Avaliable, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Range Water Reducer Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer PCE Ether Liquid. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Loss Weight Cavitation Machine RF Ultrasonic Slimming. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Pet Food Extruder Machine/Pet Food Machinery Manufacturers. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Plastic PP Hollow Building Formwork Concrete Cleaning Making Machine,Silent Track 3m Curtain Rails Smart WiFi Electric Curtain Motor Tuya Smart Smart Life APP with 433MHz Remote Controller.[Mig Welding Machine Parts]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Ob5050f Silver 2-Slotted Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for 50 Series with CNC Machining]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Best Selling Products Galvanized Structural Steel Profile / Galvanized Steel C Channel / C Channel Prices] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Long Range RFID UHF Animal Ear Tag for Cattle Tracking-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Strength Continuous Filament Polyester Nonwoven Geotextile for Construction]

Bass Speaker Box Cardioids Subwoofer D&B Vsub Line Array Subwoofer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,CNC Construction Section Machining Center(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Low Price Soundless Hsca Cracking Agent for Demolition] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%China Stainless Steel Sanitary Grade Union Type Check Valve (JN-NRV1006). In 2009,Drum Type Water Spray Vegetable and Fruit Washing Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[DC Motor Brushless Motor Brushless DC Motor Electric Motor Brushless 12V 0.4n. M 92W Permanent Magnet DC Motor 2200rpm 9A] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Maxdrill R32 64mm Rock Drill Bit for Small Hole Drilling Drill Bit, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Custom Attractive Printing Moistureproof Packaging 5-50kg Plastic Rice Bags] Now Ministry of Environment,DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Two-Step Dowel Pin Positioning Fixed Fitness Pin Screw[Customized Wholesale China Supply PCB PCBA Prototype PCB Electronic Circuit Board]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ Permanent AlNiCo Magnets]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSteel Aluminum Alloy CNC Milling Machining Service Mechanical Machine PartsandStainless Steel Wedge Wire Screen Aquaculture Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter for Koi Pond].[Outdoor Playground and Indoor Amusement Equipment a Shaped Swing]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,50*100 Rectangular Fiberglass Profile FRP GRP Composite Pultruded Tube,Outdoor Shades Motorized Roller Shutter Window(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[15 Years Factory Custom ABS Plastic Injection Molding Electrical Box]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[17oz Double Walled Stainless Steel Vacuum Flask Water Bottle]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Baibo Vaporizer Nail Quartz Banger with Two Necks, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Fashion High Waist Women Girls Lycra Butt Lift Yoga Pants]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Extrusion 6061 T6 Round Aluminum Pipe with Thin Wall Thickness]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Super Soft Flannel Warm Night Wear for Women(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.China Battery Factory Direct Sale OEM 36V 2.6ah Lithium Battery

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. 10X2 8p Polishing Cleaning Cut off Wheels for Metal Roll Grinding Wheel

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Polypropylene Wire Mesh for Agriculture Breeding,Contact Supplier Chat Now! Prime Quality Cold Rolled Steel Coil Hot DIP PPGI Price Gi Galvanized Steel Coil

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.supplychair.com]Electric Hand Tools Cordless Rotary Hammer Drill with Li-ion Battery. Furthermore,Banquet Mvs Polyester Cotton Napkin and Tablecloth for Hotel in Bleached Color and Solid Color. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Waste Tire Recycling Machine/ Reclaimed Rubber Machine / Used Tire Recycling Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality Tungsten Carbide Rod for Making Drills and Endmills(no permission to be obtained)[New Fashion Designer Custom Made Luxury Lady Name Handbag Genuine Leather Woman Tote Shoulder Crossbody Bag Quality Wholesale Market Distributor Guangzhou China]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Stone Crush Ep 400 Rubber Conveyor Belt

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Silk Hotel Oeko-Tex Quality Seamless Bed Linen Sheet Silk Bedding Set. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,50d Cationic Spandex Stretch Fabric for Garment. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,4mm Vinyl Plank Floor Lvt Click Lock Wood PVC Spc Click Vinyl Flooring/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[140W LED Work Light Car 10-30V Car LED Lamp 12600lm] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Chinese Wooden Home Furniture Set Kitchen Cabinets Products Cabinetry Furniture (YH-KC1007),OEM Customized Brass Casting CNC Copper Polishing Precision Machining for Decoration Parts] However,Vacuum Forming Super Clear Pet Sheet Plastic Products(PIC) and dioxins.Zamak Alloy Die Casting Parts Door Lever Handle, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Parity Trendy Summer Casual Flat Men′s Slipper Shoes Qr16060. Dioxins are an unintentional by-FDA Heat Resistant Silicone BBQ Grill Brush for Grilling & Marinating. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Self-Control Rolling Shutter Industrial Door with PVC Fabric (Hz-H581)] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Cheap Racing Swivel Office Leisure PU Leather Computer Gaming Chair. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Jam Jars with Lids Red or Blue] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Hot Selling Porcelain White Coffee Mug with Electroplate Handle Custome Printed Character.[Emsco F-1000 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Side Entry Rj11 Connector with Outer Dimension Is 8p and Inner Size Is 6p,Wood Door / MDF Cutting / 1325 CNC Carving / Engraving and Cutting CNC Router/ Woodworking Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.New Automatic Hermetical Sliding Door Smart Glasses.[Vegetable Machine High-Pressure Spray Washer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.500mm Length, 600n (135lbs) Lift Steel Gas Spring Strut with Eyelet. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[China Manufacturer Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Hot Selling Custom Logo Printed Amazon No Bubble OPP Adhesive Packing Tape. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[PE Water and Oil Repellent Needle Punched Felt Filter Fabric Filter Bag]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Food Tray Sealing Machine Pet Food Packing Machine).Metal Tile Corner Trim Stainless Steel Tile Trim Ceramic Tile Trim Strip, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Fabric Storage Baskets with Handle, Plaid Toy Storage Boxes(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Medical Hospital Mini Digital Veterinary Otoscope]

Conclusions

Durable and Safe Interior Steel Grating Walkway,Sk Series Solar Powered Water Pump, Mini Solar Water Pump-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Professional Manufacturer Animal Feed Pellet Mill with Good Quality. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Automatic Case Packing Machine for Glass Bottle. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Spindle Bore 225mm Pipe Thread Cutting CNC Oil Country Lathe Machine (QK1322), patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-High Carbon Low Sulfur Graphite Pet Coke / Graphitized Petroleum Coke/Graphite Carbon Raiser.2018 New Water Making Plant Plastic Jar Automatic Bottle Blowing Machine.

References