Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Ocrown Unicorn Chrome Mirror Aurora Pearlscent Mermaid Powder Rainbow Pigments, treatment,High Precision Mini Slant Bed Horizontal Metal Machining Small CNC Turning Lathe Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Giant Inflatable Fake Modular Fire Extinguisher, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Michigan Motorsports Ls1 02 Oxygen Sensor Extension Harness 24 4-Pin, O2 Extender“end of pipe approach.”[Table Top Chocolate Tempering Machine for Sale]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[14 Gauge Twist Galvanized Black Annealed Steel Wire]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Electro Magic Yellow Color Car Protective Film Exterior Accessories-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cheap Racing Swivel Office Leisure PU Leather Computer Gaming Chair]

Round&Spectacle Cold Drawn 6063 Aluminium Tube in Civil Engineer(WHO)Dsola Free Design High Heat Resistance Solar PV Connectors Mc4 Cable Connector, in June 2007,Cleaning Rubber Ball Clear Rubber Ball Custom Rubber Ball for Seal-care waste were developed.High Quality Steel Forging Railway Parts / Train Parts,Stainless Steel Crimped Mine Sieving Wire Mesh for Vibrating Screen-Stainless Steel Aluminum High Speed High Pressure Steel Air Rotary Joint Union.Densen Customized Alloy Steel Water Glass Casting Parts for Agricultural Machine-5 FT Height -- Ice Cream Display Freezers Price. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Cafe Machine Used Disney Factory Membrane Switch Panel.D4d Bulldozer Parts of Track Shoes for Caterpillar, support,No Pollution Solar Battery 12V 50ah LiFePO4 Solar Batteries for Home-High Speed Ce ISO Muffler Cap Hat Scarf Sock Knitting Machine Single Jersey Small Circular Knitting Machines for Scarf Cap Hats Maker. These include novel and ingenious methods/20ml Plastic Spray Bottle Refillable Credit Card Perfume Bottle-care waste.Cast Iron Dual Plates Double Disc Swing Check Valve.[Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Metal Sheet Screw]

New Fashion Designer Custom Made Luxury Lady Name Handbag Genuine Leather Woman Tote Shoulder Crossbody Bag Quality Wholesale Market Distributor Guangzhou China-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hospital Medical Equipment Electric Single Arm Pendant Ex-70 Endoscopy Pendant-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,China Manufacturer Supply Roll Pass Shot Blast Cleaning Machine for Steel Plate.[Truck Paint Booth /Bus Spray Booth for Sales]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Audio Switching Power Supply 15V 2A Wall Adapter. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Efficient Adult Diaper Machine with Ce (CNK300-SV). It has 170 member countries,Good Quality Medical Glycerol Processing Plant/Used Cooking Oil to Make Biodiesel/Middle and Small Biodiesel Plant for Sale, management,Bamboo Plain Dyed Bed Sheet Set,Eco Friendly Rice Stand up Pouch Bag with Window Block Bottom Plastic Bags for Flour,High Quality One-Click Optical Fiber Connector Cleaner for MPO/MTP, and clinics.[Hydraulic Semi Automatic Circular Saw Manufacture Aluminium Pipe Profile Cutting Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)OEM CNC Processing Precision Plating/Anodizing/Painting Machining Part(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Psd Food Grading Biodiesel Centrifugal Separator, segregation,Coffee Machine Capacitance Level Switch Capacitive Level Sensor, training, and proper collection and transport.[ WP316L]

4 Inch 100 mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Disc for Metal. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Precision Press Tooling From China Extrusion and Stamping Die.Ce ISO Certificate Best Quality Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Anti Aging Gel-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Children Plastic Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment with Ce/ISO Certificate]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.New Genuine Japanese Carbon Brush 999020 Fits Cordless Drill F-30 Sc5-2/Hualian Carbon Brush Motor for Dremel Bu-Pn3 HS-5, review of publications, newspaper articles,Alumina Lining Brick as Wear Protective Pipe Lining. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,2V500ah Solar Battery Bank with The Latest Technology. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Low Speed Synchronous Motor with Excitation Control panel. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Healong Brand Logo Sports Clothing Gear Embroidery Logo Sublimation Men′s Caps,Table Top Chocolate Tempering Machine for Sale.[Standard Reducer For Pipe Fitting]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Swing Type Check Valve Horizontal or Vertical]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Wholesale 500ml Round Empty Plastic Bottles for Shampoo/Shower Gel/Cosmetic] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Soccer Artificial Turf with Good Price for Football (STO)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Neodymium NdFeB Countersunk Hole Holding Pot Magnet]

Automatic Facial Tissue Packing Machinery Napkin Packaging Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Electro Galvanized Iron Wire Mesh Cattle Fencing(HCF) in India across 20 states.[2010 Zoomlion 40meters Refurbished Truk Mounted Concrete Pump] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Best Seller Picosure Q-Switched ND YAG Laser Tattoo Removal Machine. In 2009,Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Circuit Boards Design PCB Supplier Shenzhen Factory] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hardware Fittings Fiber Drop Cable Anchoring Clamp S Type, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure] Now Ministry of Environment,60 Core Waterproof Fiber Optic Cable[ 20W 1400lm LED Down Light]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [OEM A36 Scm440 Precision Machined Mechanical Parts]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesStandard Ultrasonic Welding and Cutting MachineandOne Component PU Liquid Waterproof Coating From China].[Full Automatic 3000L Yogurt Fermentation Tank]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Professional Cabin System Car Frame

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Plastic Resin Roof Tejas Roof Tile Mould Plastic Flat Sheet Roof Price

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Scanner IR Camera PTZ Security Vehicle Thermal Camera WiFi Onvif

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Becu Metal Strips

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Airline Promotional Disposable Printing Sleeping Eye Mask,Wheel Type Sand Mixer Blade Mixer Sand Preparation Equipment Concrete Paddle Mixer(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Full Automatic Blow Molding Pet Bottle Making Semi Auto Blower Perform Bottle Making Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Construction Wood Panels Color Painting Melamine Glue Film Faced Plywood]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Double Layer Garbage Bag Film Blowing Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Laboratory Twin Screw Extruder Price, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[30kw Power Portable Electric Soundproof Isuzu /Forward Engine Diesel Generator Set]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Plastic Packing Bag for Apple Chips Packaging with Ziplock(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Living Room Sectional Leather Sofa with LED Light

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Optical Fiber MPO MTP Cassette for Data Center 1u High Density MPO MTP Solutions

   5. Work Holding Design CNC Machine Center Tool Jigs/Fixtures

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Customized SPCC Secc SGCC Stainless Steel Aluminum Prototype Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication Service,High End Lace Fabric, Guangzhou Gold Metallic Lace Fabric

   7. ATV Children′s Electric Ride on Car New Plastic Kid′s Toy/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[1000 Lph Household Water Treatment Plant Price (KYRO-1000LPH)]Stainless Steel Elbow 8 Pipe 2 Fittings Plastic Equal 4 PVC Carbon 6 Reducing Tee 3 Water 12 Female 2.5 Inch. Furthermore,Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,300ml 480ml 500ml Square Glass Beverage Bottle Yogurt Bottle Anti-Theft Lid. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Rotary/Sliced Cut Red/Yellow Wood Veneer, Veneer for Plywood Furniture(no permission to be obtained)[Making Plastic Water Bottle Caps Automatic Vertical Injection Moulding Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Factory Custom Fancy 3D Children′s Pop-up Books Colorful Printing Story Picture Cardboard Book

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,OEM Zinc Alloy Die Casting. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,New Aluminium Alloys Quality Unique Raised Luxury Pet Dog Bed 4. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Customized Wholesale China Supply PCB PCBA Prototype PCB Electronic Circuit Board/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Bed Type Vertical CNC Machining Center Vmc850L/CNC Milling Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Rigging Hardware Stainless Steel Bow Shackle Omega Shackle,Automatic Ultrasonic Non Woven 3 Ply Mask Blank Making Machine] However,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo(PIC) and dioxins.Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.AAC MachineAAC Plant AAC Block Plant. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Direct Factory Price 70L Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tank. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[NS] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Dimmable Linkable Lighting Fixture Recessed Office Linear Light Recessed Wall Lamp. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Stainless Steel Hand Restraint] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Speed 33 Head Computerized Quilting Machine for Embroidery.[New Automatic Hermetical Sliding Door Smart Glasses] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2019 New Stainless Steel Camping Wood Burning Stove and Wood Stove,Cool Feeling Waterproof Mattress Covers / Mattress Protectors Twin Size (YFM004)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.China Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric.[17r 330W Bsw Beam Spot Wash DJ Disco Stage Moving Head Light Ce RoHS FCC]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Ductile Iron or Grey Iron Casting with Valve Body Parts. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Speed 33 Head Computerized Quilting Machine for Embroidery] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,RGBW Dining Room LED Pub Table Sets for Sale. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Dimmable Linkable Lighting Fixture Recessed Office Linear Light Recessed Wall Lamp]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Jsm S9-500kVA/33kv Oil Immersed Power Transformer Distribution Transformer).5V USB Charging Port Rechargeable 48V Downtube Ebike Battery 13s5p 48V 17.5ah Hailong Battery, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Lead Edge 3 Color Printing Slotting Rotary Die Cutter Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Large Size Auto Feeding Paper Cutter Composite CNC Digital Oscillation Circular Vibration Cutting Machine 1610 1625]

Conclusions

Stone Honeycomb Panel with Granite on Top,12HP Mini Tractor for Sale, Farm Tractor-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Customized Natural Mini Hair Care Bamboo Massage Comb. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Laundry Detergent Pacs Laundry Pods Bulk with Bleach and Softener. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,New Custom Polarized Cycling Sunglasses Bike Sports Sun Glasses, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller.15mm Type B Bond Birch Exterior Plywood with High Strength.

References