Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Ductile Iron ASTM A536 125lb/150lb ANSI Rising Stem Gate Valve, treatment,110-220V Plug in Hand Held Deep Tissue Massager Vibrator for Leg and Muscles. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,BSCI Audit Custom Adjustable Baseball Type Digital Camouflage Us Flag Bottle Opener Cap, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,BSCI Audit Custom Adjustable Baseball Type Digital Camouflage Us Flag Bottle Opener Cap, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Magic Mirror Facial Skin Analyzer / 3D Face Camera“end of pipe approach.”[Color Crinted Plaid 4mm Woven Wool Felt Fabric Anti-Static Moving Blanket]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Best Quality Hot-Selling Window Shutter Honeycomb/Beehive/Cellular Rolller Blind]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Organic Olive Leaf Extract Powder in Bulk Hydroxytyrosol 5% - 80%-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Slip Ring Rolling Mill Motor]

High Quality Printed Aluminum Foil Metallic Bubble Envelope for Packaging(WHO)Flow 450L/H Fountain Brushless Water Circulating Decoration Amphibious Pumps for Water Return DC 12V, in June 2007,Four-Side Seal Plastic Bag for Packing Coffee with Valve-care waste were developed.700 Bar Hydraulic Stressing Jack Pump Hydraulic Power Pack Unit,Winter Warm Plush Knitted Kids Boots-Ce Certificated Hot Sell 55 Inch Axial Fan Industrial Poultry Greenhouse Exhaust Fan.DC Mini Portable Car Fridge for Travelling with DC Compressor-Plastic Injection Mould Design and Prototype From China. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-2000L/H RO Water Purification System Stainless Steel.Factory Supply High Quality Hyaluronic Acid CAS 9004-61-9, support,Concrete Granite Stone Circular Saw Blade Diamond Segments Cutting Tool-Standard Ultrasonic Welding and Cutting Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Semi PU/PVC Upholstery Leather for Car Seat Automobile Marin Medical Furniture-Lab-care waste.HAIRUI 861DX 1200W Hot Air Mobile Phone Repairing Machine.[Dongfeng 4X2 P6 Fixed Installation Exterior LED Display/Outdoor Mobile LED Screen Truck]

12.1 Inch Capacitive Touch Screen with Ili2302 Controller for Industrial Touch Monitors-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Silicone Rubber Bike/Motor/Scooter/Hand/Tool Handle Grips Sleeve-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Cost Effective Superior Quality Axial Fans.[China Design Standard Electric Fence Wire Reel for Poly Rope]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Best Selection Assorted Colour Available Romantic Valentine Heart Candles for Cake. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Professional Cabin System Car Frame, Elevator Accessories, Counterweight Frame Lift. It has 170 member countries,Galvanized Concertina Razor Barbed Wire, management,Matrix 8X8PCS LED Moving Head Beam,Heavy Duty 3 Ton Single Speed Electric Chain Hoist Block,18.5/20/21.5 Inch Wall Mounted Elevator Advertising Player/Digital Signage, and clinics.[Safe Durable Metal Scaffold Plank for Construction]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 3p2274(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.3W 5W 7W 9W DIY 5730 LED Bulb PCB 12W 15W 18W Brightness Light Board LED Lamp Panel for Ceiling, segregation,IP54 Aluminum Outdoor Wall Lighting with Texture, SAA, UL, VDE Approved, training, and proper collection and transport.[Touch Screen WiFi Vending Kiosk Machine with Bill Acceptor]

Milk Soyben Seasoning Powder Auto Packing Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Widely Use Small Homogenizer Laboratory.High Quality Fashion High Waist Women Girls Lycra Butt Lift Yoga Pants-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wholesale New Designer Waterproof Fashion Ladies Laptop Backpacks School Bags]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Temperature Disc Magnet Ferrite Magnet, review of publications, newspaper articles,Nh4cl White Granular Agricultural Grade Ammonium Chloride. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,New-Fitness-Treadmill-Folding-Mini-Walking-Running. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Plastic Business Card PVC Loyalty Card Magnetic Stripe Card,50 Inch All in One Wall Mounted Android Smart Tablet Kiosks Display Touch Screen with Eeti Controller.[Full Motion Racing Seat]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[OEM Manufacturer 5.25 Inch Coaxial Car Interior Decoration Audio Speaker Parts]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[160lm/W Module Ice Rink Tunnel Stadium Soccer Football Basketball Tennis Sport Court Lighting 240W/250W/300W/400W/500W/600W/720W/800W/900W/1000W/1200W/1500W Le] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Industrial Small Air Cooled Screw Type Water Chiller Scroll Price for Sale-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Plain Woven PTFE Coated Teflon Fiberglass Cloth]

Crossfit Recycled Rubber Gym Floorings in China, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Nonwoven Vertical Lapper for Making Stiff Fiber Padding(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ISO Factory of Surface Welding Disk Disc Cutter Ring] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Reusable Plastic PP Material Formwork Extrusion. In 2009,Xgma Xg935h 3ton Loader Wheel Loader Headlights, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Graphic LCD 128X64 COB Type Stn Yellow-Green Graphice LCD Module] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2019custom Packaging Magnetic Closure Cardboard Paper Gift Box Wholesale, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hospital Medical Equipment Electric Single Arm Pendant Ex-70 Endoscopy Pendant] Now Ministry of Environment,High Brightness IP67 Red Color SMD5050 Chip 60leds 14.4W DC12V LED Strip[FTTH Sc/APC Quick Connector Sc Fiber Optic Fast Connector]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Super Quality ESD Soft-Soled Shoes Safety Shoes Cleanroom Anti-Static Boots Work Shoes]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCNC Cutting Machine CNC Plasma Cutting MachineandCompactor Machine Plate].[Medical Disposable Surgical Staple 35W Skin Stapler for Surgical Usage]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Cast Iron Dual Plates Double Disc Swing Check Valve

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Low Pressure Excellent Material Wrapped Gas Cylinder

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

XP-a Vertical Pneumatic Paste Filling Machine

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

China Factory 12V150ah Front Terminal AGM Battery - Industrial Power Storage

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel,Jam Jars with Lids Red or Blue(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[4X2 5ton Flatbed Tow Wrecker Truck]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Full Plastic Bag Filter Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.10kw Solar Panel Power System Stand Alone Solar System, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. I12 Tws Blue Tooth 5.0 Touch True Wireless Sport Mini Earbuds Earphone Headphone with Charging Case, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hot Sales 5053 Aluminum Anodized in Silver Wheelchair Part]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Eyh-300 Powder Mixing Equipment]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser for Home Use(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Rosen 2kw on Grid Inverter System for Home

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Customized Structural Steel Stillage Welded with Rhs Tubes

   5. Portable Glass Aluminum Stage Acrylic for Concert Wedding Event

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door,2019 Funny Shopping Mall Amusement Kiddie Ride

   7. 400g PU Shoes Boots Waxed Nylon Flat Cord Waxed Thread/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Personal Operation Rebar Wire Tier Tools for Building]Truck Paint Booth /Bus Spray Booth for Sales. Furthermore,Auto Accessory 600d PP Foam Backing Comfortable Seat Cover for Pick-up Trunk. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wedge Lock/Ring-Lock Scaffolding Vertical Pipe. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Eyh-300 Powder Mixing Equipment(no permission to be obtained)[Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,AISI 316 Stainless Steel Round Pipes

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Morcellator Set Gynecology Hysterectomy/Uterectomy Simple Uterine Manipulator. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,5L Oil Diffuser Metal Air Diffuser Scent Diffuser Wireless Machine for Longtime Fragrance. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,OSB Panel for Furniture with Dieffenbacher Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[220V 6 in 1 Heat Press Transfer Printing Machine for Pen Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Amusement Park Small Carousel Rides,Mouse Pad with Gel Wrist Rest] However,Emsco F-1000 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest(PIC) and dioxins.Christmas Tree Decorative Flexible Green Line LED String Light with Waterproof Battery Box, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.COB LED Chip, 20W 1400lm LED Down Light. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Multi-Size Lunch Box Stainless Steel Thickened Deep Salad Mixing Bowl. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[www.gsrfid.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Water and Oil Repellent Singeing Cement Plant Use Nomex Dust Collector Filter Bag. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Straight Edge Protection Building Material Extruded Aluminum Tile Trim] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Water Oxygen Jet Peel Deep Facial Cleaning Skin Rejuvenation Beauty Machine.[Emcpioneer EMI Shielded Glass Window for RF Enclosure] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hot Selling Porcelain White Coffee Mug with Electroplate Handle Custome Printed Character,High End Lace Fabric]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger.[Farm Animals Cattle Livestock Equipments-Fencing]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Fully Automatic Fruit Parcel Logistics Express Package Carton Box Case Plastic Strip Strapping Banding Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Luxury Prefab Ready Made Economical Portable Tiny Home Modular House] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Speeed Test Liner Kraft Corrugated Paper Fluting Paper Making Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory Wall PVC Panel for Bathroom]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Metal Factory Building Warehouse for Sale).China Factory Silver Copper Phosphor Welding Rings with Free Sample, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Carbon Black Round Small Tension Spring Steel Wire]

Conclusions

Marble Top MDF European Style Furniture Wooden TV Stands,2.5mm Low Carbon Steel Mild Soft Wire-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,13.56MHz Hf NFC Access Control RFID Keychain Keyfob Key Tag. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Mine Mechanical Equipment Rotary Type Hydraulic Rock Breaker Boom System. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Outdoor Playground and Indoor Amusement Equipment a Shaped Swing, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Portable Sheet Metal CNC Cutting Machine Plasma Cutter.Side Entry Rj11 Connector with Outer Dimension Is 8p and Inner Size Is 6p.

References