Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Laboratory Twin Screw Extruder Price, treatment,Plastic Packing Bag for Apple Chips Packaging with Ziplock. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Living Room Sectional Leather Sofa with LED Light, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Living Room Sectional Leather Sofa with LED Light, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Optical Fiber MPO MTP Cassette for Data Center 1u High Density MPO MTP Solutions“end of pipe approach.”[Modern Design LCD Display Hotel Room Safe Box]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Work Holding Design CNC Machine Center Tool Jigs/Fixtures-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf]

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11 Years Experience Good Price Anti-Glare 20W 30W Recessed Ceiling LED Downlight-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Home Furniture Coffee Table with Nature Marble Top.[Prestressing Force Parts Three Parts Wedges for Zinc Anchor Block]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,13.3 Inch Internet Touch Screen Advertising Kiosk. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Customized Wholesale China Supply PCB PCBA Prototype PCB Electronic Circuit Board(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo, segregation,Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing, training, and proper collection and transport.[14inch High Performance Marble Diamond Saw Blade]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Speed 33 Head Computerized Quilting Machine for Embroidery, review of publications, newspaper articles,China Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Ductile Iron or Grey Iron Casting with Valve Body Parts. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.RGBW Dining Room LED Pub Table Sets for Sale. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Jsm S9-500kVA/33kv Oil Immersed Power Transformer Distribution Transformer,5V USB Charging Port Rechargeable 48V Downtube Ebike Battery 13s5p 48V 17.5ah Hailong Battery.[Plastic Roofing Sheet For Shed]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Sanitary Stainless Steel Manhole Cover]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality Encapsulated Common Mode Choke] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Lead Edge 3 Color Printing Slotting Rotary Die Cutter Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[PTFE Fiberglass Fabric with Smooth Surface]

Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Insulation Material for Glass Curtain Wall(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Inox Milk Mixing Cooling Tank Price] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle. In 2009,Solar System PV Energy Mounting Structure for Solar Panel Installation, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Automatic Quilting Machines High Speed Wholesaler Quotes/PriceList] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Output Transparent Pet Sheet for Thermforming, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ CNC Turning Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,0.45mm Transparent Rigid Pet Sheet Roll for Vacuum Forming[7g Jacquard Knitting Machine (AX-132S)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [China Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables400W Emergency Backup Battery Powerstation Portable Solar GeneratorandBarber Shop Salon Chair Unique Barber Chair Hairdressing Chair].[Bentonite Rheological Additive Rheology Modifier]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Full Range Diameter PE Pipe for Water Supply Transport,Plastic Gas and Water End Protective Covers (YZF-H26)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Precise Industrial Cable Terminal PVC Female Adaptor Wire Harness Connector]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.220VAC 7g Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifier, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Big Size OEM Metal Home Travel Office Outdoor First Aid Kit, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Bass Speaker Box Cardioids Subwoofer D&B Vsub Line Array Subwoofer]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Beautiful French Lace Base Women′s Human Hair Wig with Silk Top]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,12HP Mini Tractor for Sale, Farm Tractor,Customized Natural Mini Hair Care Bamboo Massage Comb

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Roughneck Lift Table]New Custom Polarized Cycling Sunglasses Bike Sports Sun Glasses. Furthermore,200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,15mm Type B Bond Birch Exterior Plywood with High Strength. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Speed Shutters for Clear Room, Food Factory Ect.(no permission to be obtained)[4.2mm 4.8mm Black/Grey Phosphated Drywall Screw with Bugle Head]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Stainless Steel Pipe for Exhaust System SUH409L/1.4510/441/436L/304

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,1300mm X 2500mm Woodworking CNC Router. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Delrin Sheets with Good Wear Resistance. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,ISO Factory of Surface Welding Disk Disc Cutter Ring/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Solar System PV Energy Mounting Structure for Solar Panel Installation,Gem Hot DIP Galvanizing Equipment Manufacturer] However,Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence(PIC) and dioxins.Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Factory Sale Standard Welding Rotator Pipe Rotator. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Tinned Stranded Copper Wire Teflon Insulated Electric Auto Cable for Harness. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Vet Cow Hoof Cutting Disk in Livestock Farm Equipment] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Veterinary Peptide Lyophilized Powder Tb-500 for Horse Racing. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Global Shining Ceramic Tile Inkjet Digital 5D UV Printer] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter.[0.45mm Transparent Rigid Pet Sheet Roll for Vacuum Forming] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[China Manufacture Ceramic Fiber Cloth with Fiberglass Reinforce,Cross Belt Magnetic Belt Separator for Removing Iron]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Low Price Soundless Hsca Cracking Agent for Demolition.[New Style Army Uniforms Tactical Military Mens T Shirts]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dahua Outdoor Day Night IR 3MP Poe Digital IP Camera Ipc-Hfw8331e-Z5. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ Tomato Sauce] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Gem Hot DIP Galvanizing Equipment Manufacturer. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Viscosity Oil Drilling Grade Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector).Brick Works Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mmstock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Passive Lf +UHF Dual Frequency RFID Card with Alien H3+Tk4100 Chip Security Access Cards(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Square Steel Pipe]

Conclusions

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References