Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)LED Cabinet Light Wardrobe Furniture Sink Drawer Lighting Work Lamp, treatment,Light Steel Structure Chicken Poultry Farming Building. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Newborn Infant 3 PCS Clothes Kids Girl Outfits Children Baby Gifts Layette Sets with Bib, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Newborn Infant 3 PCS Clothes Kids Girl Outfits Children Baby Gifts Layette Sets with Bib, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Glass Manufacturer/Float Glass/ Tempered Glass (Flat or Curved) for Building / Furniture“end of pipe approach.”[Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[G/Epon ONU 1ge+3fe+CATV+WiFi Gpon WiFi ONU]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Portable 1920X1080p Car Key Chain Camera T4000 Mini DV IR LED Night Video Recorder Wireless Camera-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[6040 40W Low Cost CNC Router CO2 Small Laser Wood Cutter]

Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade(WHO)Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa, in June 2007,Color Fancy Paper Made Small Jewellery Box-care waste were developed.Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic,Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck-Small Portable Air Water Purifier with Disinfection and Detoxification.Large Outdoor Restaurant Tent Gazebo Tent-Auger Filling Automatic Powder Filling Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Stainless Steel 340 Hex Head Bolt 316 Hex Head Bolt.Construction Equipment Mechanical Taper Thread Rolling Machine, support,Small Size Precut Well Sealed White Melamine Chipboard for Wardore Making-0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*. These include novel and ingenious methods/Zinc Alloy Electric Key Card Hotel Door Lock with ANSI Quality Mortise-care waste.Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper.[Shenzhen Custom CNC Turning/Milling Metal Precision Machining Parts Electronics/Camera/Racing/Automotive/CNC Motorcycle/Automotive Repair Tools Aluminum Parts]

Luxury Prefab Ready Made Economical Portable Tiny Home Modular House-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Best Selling Disposable Plastic Dental Surgical Suction Tips Aspirator Tips-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,CNC Hydraulic Metal Sheet Plate Bending Machine Tadem Press Brake (2-CLPB-FY 160T/6000).[America 12V 7pin Flat Blade Trailer Plug]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Galvanized Chicken Breeding Farm Machinery Battery Layer Cage with Automatic Feeding Equipment. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store. It has 170 member countries,China Stable Frequency Control Baby Diapers Making Machine (YNK400-FC), management,Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Automatic Seaweed Vermicelli Noodle Weighing Packaging Packing Machine,Plastic Foldable Stackable Egg Crate, and clinics.[Automatic Facial Tissue Packing Machinery Napkin Packaging Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)500mm Round Ceiling Mounted Rain Sky Shower Head(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera, segregation,High Quality Encapsulated Common Mode Choke, training, and proper collection and transport.[Marble Top MDF European Style Furniture Wooden TV Stands]

The Newest Product IEC Standard AC Contactor 3p 4p (LC1-CJX2-D). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Rg58 BNC Male to BNC Female Connector Adapter Coaxial RF Pigtail Extension Cable.Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Glass Food Storage Bowl Set with Lids Microwave Lunch Glass Bowl]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Glossy Printing PVC Decorative Wall Panel and PVC Wall Covering Panels Made in China, review of publications, newspaper articles,Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hongli Manual Pipe Reamer for 1/8-2 Inch Pipes (M2). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Qualtity Silky 3D Printer PLA Filament. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Outdoor Full Color P8 10FT X 12FT Module LED Advertising Digital Board Display Video Screen Price,Straight Edge Protection Building Material Extruded Aluminum Tile Trim.[Cheap Ladies Felt Handbag]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manual Semi Automatic Stainless Steel Metal Pipe Cutting Machine Manufacturer]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Energy Saving and High Strength Cement Foam Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,PE Braided Fishing Line-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[LCD Commercial Digital Signage Indoor Touch Screen Information Kiosk]

Medical Product Disposable Breathing Virus Filter, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Anti-Figure Steel Material Galvalume Steel Coil for Roofing Sheet(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Plastic Good Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale Price Portable Natural Gas CH4 Leak Detector for Home Security (BX166). In 2009,Fun Colorful Ultrasonic Silicone Cleanser, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Stainless Steel Towel Rail] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Chuangke Washing Detergent Spray Drying Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Automatic Cashew Nut Fast Sheller Almond Shelling Machine Peanut Peeler Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,3oz Clear Reserve Glass Jar with Child Resistant Lid for Flower, Edibles[2019 Funny Shopping Mall Amusement Kiddie Ride]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Factory Custom Fancy 3D Children′s Pop-up Books Colorful Printing Story Picture Cardboard Book]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPolished and Painted Bed Light Holder with Aluminum ExtrusionsandP75mm Outdoor LED Lighting/Screen LED Curtain Mesh Screen].[200ml-500ml Clear Square Glass Jar with Metal Lid]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,10 Inch ERW Welded Carbon Steel Pipe,Pneumatic Packing Machine for Film Rolls Packing(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[H1 H8 H9 H11 H13 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 Xenon HID Car LED Light Headlight Fog Light Wiring Harness]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[2018 Hot Selling Fruit Design Silicone Teether for Teething Baby]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Toyon Silent RoHS Ce Standard 10 Inch DC Big Size Induct Air Fan, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Outdoor Full Light LED Acrylic Alphabet Letter Signs, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[13.3 Inch Internet Touch Screen Advertising Kiosk]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/25m3/H, 35m3/H, 50m3/H Low Price Concrete Mixing Station From Factory(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,WiFi Antenna, Waterproof GPS GSM 3G 4G Car Antenna,Reusable 24 Fiber MTP Male to LC Quad Multimode 6 Ports OM5 Cassette Fully Loaded

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[m.alsichina.com]as RS Industrial Warehouse Automatic Storage and Retrieval Rack System. Furthermore,Ocean Theme Seashell Carved Wax Pillar Candles  , Decorative Flameless Candle. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Phone Display Fittings for Mobile Phone Shop Interior Design. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Morden White/Black Painted Glass Candle Tumbler/Jar with Private Logo, Box Wholesale(no permission to be obtained)[Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Wood Veneer Drying Roller Face Veneer Dryer Machine for Plywood Making

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Roll Crusher Used for Animal Feed. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Vertical Band Saw Machine Gd5330. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,New Baby Summer Kids Tutu Dress Children Princess Dress/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Anti-Impact Nylon/Cotton Rubber Conveyor Belt for Stone Crusher] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[OEM Gray Casting/Cast Iron Valve Automotive Parts with SGS Certified,CCA Copper Clad Aluminum Wire Coper Cable] However,Construction Wood Panels Color Painting Melamine Glue Film Faced Plywood(PIC) and dioxins.Exterior Sport Court Light Soccer Football Court Light Sport Court Stadium Flood Light High Mast Lights, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Laser Cutting Machine Spareparts Mirror Lens for Laser Cutter. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2018 Latest Customized Vending Cup Making Machine (XC-D16). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Zircon Necklace Set] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Plastic Micro Trigger Sprayers for Flower. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[China Sb70 Hydraulic Breaker Excavator Rock Breaker Hire] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Cool Feeling Waterproof Mattress Covers / Mattress Protectors Twin Size (YFM004).[Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[OEM Customized Parts CNC Machining Service with CNC Milling Turning Lathing,3D Printing/Rapid Prototype SLA SLS Service]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Disposable PS Foam Fast Food Box Making Machine.[Universal Rubber Boot CV Joint Boot]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wood Door / MDF Cutting / 1325 CNC Carving / Engraving and Cutting CNC Router/ Woodworking Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Custom Plastic Business Card PVC Loyalty Card Magnetic Stripe Card] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,OEM Logo 500puffs Vitamin B12 Vape Pen Disposable. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Home Gym Fitness Equipment Elliptical Cross Trainer with Seat]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Custom CNC Milling Parts in Stainless Steel 304 Aluminum 6061/7075-T6).Recycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Cotton Custom Printed Men Pullover Hoodies (T38)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[RS485 RS232 Digital Capacitive Diesel Tank Level Sensor]

Conclusions

Desktop & Wallmount Workstation Floorbase Single Monitor 10-24 Height Adjustment,CNC Machine Part Ball Screw and End Support-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,High Quality Aluminium Foil 8011/1235 for Household Usage. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Audi Tt RS Licensed Ride on Car, Kids Electric Ride on Car, 6V Ride on Toy. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Yingjiao Competitive Price Lipo Sans Lithium Class 2 Battery Charger, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-OEM Factory with Waterproof PE/CPE Disposable Shoe Cover.15kw Battery System 15kw Solar Power System 15kw Grid Tie Solar Power System.

References