Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Airtac Type Pb Pneumatic Connector/ One Touch Air Conncetor, treatment,Bending Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication Stampings for Cars and Trucks. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Simple Low Cost portable Steel Frame for Prefabricated House, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Simple Low Cost portable Steel Frame for Prefabricated House, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Natural Gas Solenoid Valve 12V/ Brass Solenoid Valve“end of pipe approach.”[2015 China Latest Technology Bottle Can Making Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[2019custom Packaging Magnetic Closure Cardboard Paper Gift Box Wholesale]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Promotional Lovely Round Silicone Bread Mini Coin Bag/Purse/Wallet-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[8 Eyes Green DJ Stage Moving Head Spider Laser Light]

Residential Reverse Osmosis 0.0001um Water Filter Water Filtration(WHO)2 Inch Electro Galvznied Hexagonal Wire Netting /Chicken Cage, in June 2007,W1200*L1200mm Cutting Width Circular Foam CNC Cutting Machine-care waste were developed.Sinotruck HOWO 6*4 10cbm Concrete Mixer Truck Price in India,1kw 2kw 3kw 4kw 5kw 6kw 7kw Low Frequency Solar Inverter 50Hz 60Hz Single Phase Pure Sine Wave Inverter 12/24/48V 110/230V-Mens Waterproof Battery Heated Jacket for Sale.HOWO 6X4 20m3/20000litres/5300gallon Oil Mobile Transportation Tanker Truck-FTTH Sc/APC Quick Connector Sc Fiber Optic Fast Connector. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-210t Nylon Fabric Parachute Mosquito Net Hammock Beach Hammock.Industrial Computerized Multi-Needle Quilting Mattress Sewing/Making Machine, support,Customized Plastic Injection Molding Large Size Plastic Enclosure-Portable Hydraulic Electric Steel Bar Cutting and Bending Machine Nrc-20. These include novel and ingenious methods/Bed Type Vertical CNC Machining Center Vmc850L/CNC Milling Machine-care waste.High Quality Fish Meal Feed Additives.[Factory of Tunnel Driving for Hitachi Tbm Machine Twin Cutter]

China Factory CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,2.2L Hot Sale PETG BPA Free Plastic Water Bottle with Stainless Steel Lid (HDP-0618)-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Semi-Automatic Stretch Blow Moulding Machine.[Galvanized Chicken Breeding Farm Machinery Battery Layer Cage with Automatic Feeding Equipment]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,New Arrival Large Amusement Park Equipment Kids Merry Go Round 12 Seats Kids Carousel Horse Rides for Sale. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Aluminum Plate Bar Heat Exchanger for Air Compressor. It has 170 member countries,Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price, management,Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size,New Folding Power Wheelchair, Folding Handicapped Light Weight Ce Approved 8′′ 12′′ 1 Second Folding Power Electric Scooter, Ez Light Cruiser, Handicapped,Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine, and clinics.[Wood Veneer Drying Roller Face Veneer Dryer Machine for Plywood Making]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Chinese Home Furniture Plastic Frame Workstation Swivel Fabric Leisure Mesh Computer Gaming Office Chair(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Food Grade DIY Fondant Silicone Baking Tools, segregation,Full Automatic 3000L Yogurt Fermentation Tank, training, and proper collection and transport.[Newest Dry Herb Vaporizer Mini Glass Water Pipe 7 Pipe Twisty Glass Blunt Vaporizer for Herb]

CNC Cutting Machine CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,CK7520 CNC Horizontal Lathe Machine, CNC Turning Machine.Customed Logo Popular New Style Wholesale Mens Blank Hoodies-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Well Furnir Aluminum Outdoor Stripe Sofa Sets with Cushion (WFR1807)]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Cheap Price Plastic Coating Extruder Machine for Steel Pipe, review of publications, newspaper articles,OEM Sheet Metal Fabrication Home Appliances Stamping Air Conditioner Holder. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Customized Metal Case Machined Oil Seals. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.PE Water and Oil Repellent Needle Punched Felt Filter Fabric Filter Bag. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Spice Powder Automatic Packing Machine,Modern Design LCD Display Hotel Room Safe Box.[Propylene Glycol Price]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Feather Sequins Embroidery Lace Fabric for High Quality Women Dress]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[China Carpet Manufacturers Diamond Pattern Carpet Design for Living Room Area Carpet] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Automatic Meat Bone Separator Machine/High Capacity Poultry Deboner Machine/Chicken Breast Meat and Deboner Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Air Logistics Freight Shipping cost from China to Belize City(BZE)Philip S.W. Goldson Airport reliable Forwarder]

7PCS M3 to M12 Metric HSS Left Hand Thread Tap Set, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Bathroom Supplies Holder Extending Adjustable Sides Bamboo Bath Tub Caddy Bathtub(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Carbon Hot DIP Galvanized Steel Wire] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Amusement Park Small Carousel Rides, Merry Go Round Ride for Kids Equipment, Carousel Rides Game. In 2009,Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Sewage Treatment Equipment Wnl Horizontal Screw Centrifuge] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,JIS Standard Hot Rolled High-Strength Carbon Steel Plate, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Concrete Granite Stone Circular Saw Blade Diamond Segments Cutting Tool] Now Ministry of Environment,PVC PP PE Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Making Machine/Plastic Flexible Pipe Extrusion Machine/Line[Custom Design Print Silk Satin Georgette Cdc Crinkle Chiffon Fabric]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Solar off Grid 192V DC to 380V AC Pure Sine Wave Inverter]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTranstones Alabaster Book-Match Resin Panel for Home Walls DecorsandFenugreek Extract Enhance Men′s Sexual Function].[Automatic Seaweed Vermicelli Noodle Weighing Packaging Packing Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Opposed Light/Middle/ Heavy Duty Disc Harrow Trailed Disa Harrow,Children Plastic Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment with Ce/ISO Certificate(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Custom Designed Silicone Rubber Flexible Heater/Heating/Thermal]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Liquid Silicone Phone Cases for Huawei Honor 7X]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Butterfly Angel Wing Costume Set Stage Props, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Ce FDA Approved Patient Monitor for X-ray Diagnostic, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[3oz Clear Reserve Glass Jar with Child Resistant Lid for Flower]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[N FC Access Card Printed Access Card for Clocking (ISOC)]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/41 Solid Spruce Top Acoustic Guitar with Fishman Pickups (J45)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Slip Ring Rolling Mill Motor

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Low Profile P-Level Sp-Level DIY CNC Linear Rail,Professional 6 Litre Digital Cavitek Ultrasonic Cleaner Tank with Heated Bath -220V

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[New Design Printed Short Sleeve Children T-Shirt]Ductile Iron/Wcb/Carbon Steel/Cast Steel/Stainless Steel Non Rising Resilient Seat Industrial Control Gate Valve. Furthermore,for 17years Blm Mould Has Actively Expanded to Different Continents to Assist Our Mould Partners and Open New Opportunities to Make Moulds and Mould Parts. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,OEM Gray Casting/Cast Iron Valve Automotive Parts with SGS Certified. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Abrasive Wheels Metal and Inox Cutting Disc(no permission to be obtained)[Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Sports Nutrition Betaine Anhydrous for Good Price (CAS#107-43-7)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Twin Wall Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet UV Resistant. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Brass Female Thread Union Inserts Fitting with Nickel Plated for PPR. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Speed Corrugated  Cardboard Single Facer Machine Carton Box Making Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Commercial Refrigerator 2 Glass Doors Refrigerator and Freezer] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[4mmthickness Interior Wall Decorative Luxury Glass Mosaic for Living Room,Common Rail Injector Parts Orginal Delphi 9308-622b Control Valve] However,Buildings of Steel Structure for Sale(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality DIN Carbon Steel Plate Flanges, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Ductile Iron Grating Trench Drain for Outdoor Ground and Road. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Injection Mold for Keyboard Cap. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Old Key Cutting Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hot Dipped Galvanized Wire Chain Link Fence Weight. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Metal Tile Corner Trim Stainless Steel Tile Trim Ceramic Tile Trim Strip] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Industrial Sublimation Paper 90GSM for Transfer Printing.[Portable Vacuum Pump Transformer Oil Purification Machine Model Zy] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Worldwide Market Split Pressurized Flat Panel Solar Water Heater, Folding Handicapped Light Weight Ce Approved 8′′ 12′′ 1 Second Folding Power Electric Scooter]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Stainless Steel 304 Wire Rope Fork Terminal.[Industrial Led Flood Light]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.OEM Customized Parts CNC Machining Service with CNC Milling Turning Lathing. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[New Fashioned Bean Sprout Multihead Weigher Vertical Packing Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Metal Wire Mesh. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[50cc Low Position Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle EEC Euro4]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Common Rail Injector Parts Orginal Delphi 9308-622b Control Valve).LED Lighted Mirror with Bluetooth Functions, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,50d Twist Stretch Satin Chiffon Fabric for Women′s Wear(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Sh-MTB379 26inch 21 Speed Mountain Bicycle]

Conclusions

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References