Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Construction Equipment Mechanical Taper Thread Rolling Machine, treatment,Small Size Precut Well Sealed White Melamine Chipboard for Wardore Making. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Zinc Alloy Electric Key Card Hotel Door Lock with ANSI Quality Mortise“end of pipe approach.”[Light Weight Outdoor Garden Restaurant Rattan Wicker Chiavari Wedding Dining Chair (BC-08029)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ASA-PVC Co-Extruded Wood Plastic Composite WPC Building Material Laminated Outdoor Wall Panel Board]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Quality Elephant Safety Baby Bathing Water Thermometer]

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Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Glossy Printing PVC Decorative Wall Panel and PVC Wall Covering Panels Made in China-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes.[New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Hongli Manual Pipe Reamer for 1/8-2 Inch Pipes (M2). These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Anti-Figure Steel Material Galvalume Steel Coil for Roofing Sheet(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wholesale Price Portable Natural Gas CH4 Leak Detector for Home Security (BX166), segregation,Fun Colorful Ultrasonic Silicone Cleanser, training, and proper collection and transport.[3*5FT Sports Team Logo Custom Wholesale NFL Carolina Panthers Flags (J-NF01F09039)]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Pneumatic Packing Machine for Film Rolls Packing, review of publications, newspaper articles,Toyon Silent RoHS Ce Standard 10 Inch DC Big Size Induct Air Fan. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Outdoor Full Light LED Acrylic Alphabet Letter Signs. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.25m3/H, 35m3/H, 50m3/H Low Price Concrete Mixing Station From Factory. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet,High Speed Rg59+2c Power Coaxial Wholesale Rg59 Video Power Cable Best Price CCTV Cable.[Cheeky Butt Leggings Suppliers for Sale]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Ce FDA Approved Patient Monitor for X-ray Diagnostic]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Linear Guide Mgn15 for CNC Machinery] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Battery Operated Low Table Railway Vehicle Transport Bricks-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Chocolate Color Paper Drawer Gift Jewelry Packaging Storage Box]

WiFi Antenna, Waterproof GPS GSM 3G 4G Car Antenna, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Reusable 24 Fiber MTP Male to LC Quad Multimode 6 Ports OM5 Cassette Fully Loaded(HCF) in India across 20 states.[ 3 Wheels Aluminum Alloy Go Karts] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Diesel Engien Mobile Log Debarking Machine for Beech Oak Wood. In 2009,as RS Industrial Warehouse Automatic Storage and Retrieval Rack System, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Grey and White Corrugated Roof Sheets Price Per Sheet] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Ocean Theme Seashell Carved Wax Pillar Candles  , Decorative Flameless Candle, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper] Now Ministry of Environment,Phone Display Fittings for Mobile Phone Shop Interior Design[Outdoor Garden Furniture Baby Plastic Swing for Sale]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Whole Line Whole Powder Coating Line Equipments]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCustom Airline Approved Pet Backpack Bag for Small AnimalsandWholesale Rocker Adjustable Leisure Office Game Computer Racing Gaming Chair].[European 450ml Earth Shape Diamond Transparent Clear Glass Wine Bottles]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Morden White/Black Painted Glass Candle Tumbler/Jar with Private Logo, Box Wholesale,Wood Veneer Drying Roller Face Veneer Dryer Machine for Plywood Making(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Professional Hot Rolled 304 304L 201 321 316L Stainless Steel Sheet Manufacture]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Stone Honeycomb Panel with Granite on Top]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Roll Crusher Used for Animal Feed, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 2019small Electric Pet Fish Food Pellet Feed Machine for Sale, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Silent Track 3m Curtain Rails Smart WiFi Electric Curtain Motor Tuya Smart Smart Life APP with 433MHz Remote Controller]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Sleeping Well Cheap Bed Sponge Mattress in a Box]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Low price read only LF 125kHz TK4100 / EM4200 blank RFID key card(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.2019 Amazon Hotsale Custom Wholesale Cute Plush Pet Dog House Soft PP Cotton Cat Pet Beds

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Custom Black Ductile Iron Cast Drining Pipe Fittings,DC 48V 200W Solar Water Pump 3 Inch

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Best Price 3in1 200W LED Moving Head Light Beam for Club]Centrifugal Bronze and Brass Material Ocean Stainless Steel Pump. Furthermore,Enamel Cast Iron Casserole with Lid. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Vertical Type Caseformer Machine WJ-LKX-15. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Devils Claw 20%, Devils Claw Root Extract(no permission to be obtained)[Windshield Washer Bottle One Way]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Foil-Woven Insulation & Vapor Barrier Fw-76

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Vertical Band Saw Machine Gd5330. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Fruit Crate Mould Crate Storage Injection Molding Custom Plastic. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Diesel Engine Cylinder Head Short Cylinder Block for Cummins 6b 6bt 6D102 Engine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Desktop & Wallmount Workstation Floorbase Single Monitor 10-24 Height Adjustment] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2019 Dlc4.4 UL Approved 603X1213mm LED Panel Light with 105lm/W 130lm/W,6I6608 Teeth Pins] However,50m Underground Long Range Metal Detector with Best Performance(PIC) and dioxins.super soft individually packed disposable nonwoven face mask, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Lady′s V Neck Dry-Fit Sports Wear in Lemon Green. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Cptau Series Pre Cu and Al Insulated Bimetallic Cable Lugs. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Anti Slip Rubber Mat] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Wholesale 25kg 30kg PP Woven Valve Bag for Packing Cement. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Densen Customized Alloy Steel Water Glass Casting Parts for Agricultural Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wholesale 1000ml Aromatherapy Diffuser Hotel Scent Air Machine for Sale.[Wireless Remote Control Wafer Motorized Modulating Butterfly Valve] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Disposable Medical Blood Lancet Pen Type Collection Needle,Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Ktm Cross (Hz8023) Pipe Fittings for Pex-Al-Pex Pipe, Aluminium Plastic Pipe, Hot Water and Cold Water Pipe.[Co2 9060 Laser Engraving And Cutting Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Industrial Wafer Type Lug Butterfly Valve with Handle. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Ductile Iron Universal Flexible Quick Flange Adaptor Dn400] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,1 1/2 Inch En 10305 St52 Schedule80 Cold Drawn Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Wholesale Soft Hallux Valgus Bunion Corrector Brace for Sport Protection]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (100bph-10000bph Poultry Slaughter Equipment Stainless Steel Chickens Feather Plucker Machine).Small Freeze Dryer for Experiment, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Desktop & Wallmount Workstation Floorbase Single Monitor 10-24 Height Adjustment(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Yellow Transparent 2inch 48micron BOPP Adhesive Packaging Tape]

Conclusions

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References