Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Wedge Lock/Ring-Lock Scaffolding Vertical Pipe, treatment,Eyh-300 Powder Mixing Equipment. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,AISI 316 Stainless Steel Round Pipes, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,AISI 316 Stainless Steel Round Pipes, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Morcellator Set Gynecology Hysterectomy/Uterectomy Simple Uterine Manipulator“end of pipe approach.”[OEM Customized Safety Reflective Fluorescent Pants]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Fiber Optic Connector Types LC Om3 Sx 3.0mm Connector Kit]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Double Side Graphite Coated Fiberglass Flame Retardant Fabrics, 980g Weight, 750degrees-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet]

Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision(WHO)Printed OPP+PP Nonwoven with EPE Film, in June 2007,Aluminum Egg Crate Air Grille Egg Crate-care waste were developed.Warehouse Flared Welded Galvanized Steel Metal Storage Wire Mesh Deck for Pallet Racking,Galvanized Steel, Galvanized Sheet, Galvanized Steel Sheet Quality Zinc Coating Sheet 22 Gauge Galvanized Steel Coil-OMG Industrial Large SLA 3D Printer Manufacturers, Printing Service Also.Fashion Cartoon Baby Hanger/ Fabric Satin Children Clothes Hanger (YLFBK004-N1)-Polished and Painted Bed Light Holder with Aluminum Extrusions. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Liquid Silicone Phone Cases for Huawei Honor 7X.Vt-160 Small Full Automatic on Edge Biscuit Packing Packaging Machine, support,2 Ton LPG Forklift Truck, Electric Forklift Truck-FRP Fiberglass Pultruded T Shape. These include novel and ingenious methods/5L Oil Diffuser Metal Air Diffuser Scent Diffuser Wireless Machine for Longtime Fragrance-care waste.OSB Panel for Furniture with Dieffenbacher Machine.[Cutter Manufacturers]

Emsco F-1000 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Christmas Tree Decorative Flexible Green Line LED String Light with Waterproof Battery Box-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,COB LED Chip, 20W 1400lm LED Down Light.[G/Epon ONU 1ge+3fe+CATV+WiFi Gpon WiFi ONU]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Multi-Size Lunch Box Stainless Steel Thickened Deep Salad Mixing Bowl. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Water and Oil Repellent Singeing Cement Plant Use Nomex Dust Collector Filter Bag. It has 170 member countries,Water Oxygen Jet Peel Deep Facial Cleaning Skin Rejuvenation Beauty Machine, management,EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger,Fully Automatic Fruit Parcel Logistics Express Package Carton Box Case Plastic Strip Strapping Banding Machine,High Speeed Test Liner Kraft Corrugated Paper Fluting Paper Making Machine, and clinics.[6040 40W Low Cost CNC Router CO2 Small Laser Wood Cutter]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Prefabricated Light Steel Structure Metal Factory Building Warehouse for Sale(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Factory Silver Copper Phosphor Welding Rings with Free Sample, segregation,Vp-0200 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator, training, and proper collection and transport.[America 12V 7pin Flat Blade Trailer Plug]

Flexible Plastic Data Strip for Gondola. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Electric Tower Crane Arm Single-Arm Endoscopic Pendant Esp-220/380e.Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Automatic Facial Tissue Packing Machinery Napkin Packaging Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Insulating Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic FRP GRP Pultruded Composite Rectangular Bar, review of publications, newspaper articles,Mining Machine Dewater Screen Separator Coal Sand Sieve Shaker Dewatering Screen. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,20W Max Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price for Metal Battery. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Fiber Optic Connector Types LC Om3 Sx 3.0mm Connector Kit. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Drum Type Magnetic Separator,Hans Eco Friendly Eco Friendly Zipper by The Yard Wholesale.[Factory Custom 3D Computer Embroidery Red Lip Patches Embroidered Pattern]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Marble Top MDF European Style Furniture Wooden TV Stands]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Glass Food Storage Bowl Set with Lids Microwave Lunch Glass Bowl] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Custom Airline Approved Pet Backpack Bag for Small Animals-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Manual Semi Automatic Stainless Steel Metal Pipe Cutting Machine Manufacturer]

2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Energy Saving and High Strength Cement Foam Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Aluminum USB Type-C Hub for MacBook PRO with HDMI and Power Delivery. In 2009,Marble Top MDF European Style Furniture Wooden TV Stands, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[8000L LPG Road Tank Tanker Filling Delivery Bobtail Mobile Gas Refueling Mounted Transport Mobile Dispenser Truck] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2.5mm Low Carbon Steel Mild Soft Wire, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[LCD Commercial Digital Signage Indoor Touch Screen Information Kiosk] Now Ministry of Environment,13.56MHz Hf NFC Access Control RFID Keychain Keyfob Key Tag[Plastic Good Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Automatic Cashew Nut Fast Sheller Almond Shelling Machine Peanut Peeler Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables2019 Funny Shopping Mall Amusement Kiddie Rideandbtmarkcn].[Factory Custom Fancy 3D Children′s Pop-up Books Colorful Printing Story Picture Cardboard Book]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Mine Mechanical Equipment Rotary Type Hydraulic Rock Breaker Boom System,Outdoor Playground and Indoor Amusement Equipment a Shaped Swing(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Semi PU/PVC Upholstery Leather for Car Seat Automobile Marin Medical Furniture-Lab]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[South Africaice Lolly Machine with Free Mould]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Portable Sheet Metal CNC Cutting Machine Plasma Cutter, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Side Entry Rj11 Connector with Outer Dimension Is 8p and Inner Size Is 6p, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[H1 H8 H9 H11 H13 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 Xenon HID Car LED Light Headlight Fog Light Wiring Harness]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2018 Hot Selling Fruit Design Silicone Teether for Teething Baby]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.H1 H8 H9 H11 H13 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 Xenon HID Car LED Light Headlight Fog Light Wiring Harness

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Square Steel Pipe

   5. N FC Access Card Printed Access Card for Clocking (ISOC)

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Good Price Lighted Vanity Bathroom Wall LED Mirror with Magnify Mirror,High Performance Cast Iron Flange Connection Type Worm Gear Butterfly Valve

   7. Drywall Partion Light Steel Keel Stud/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Industrial and Commercial Microwave Baking Machine for Fish /Shrimp/Seafood for Small Factory]Big Glass Decorative Jar Food Storage Jar Kitchen Can Perfume Glass Bottle. Furthermore,Anaphylaxis Atrophic Acute and Chronic Sinusitis Laryngo-Pharyngitis Full HD Endoscope Camera for Ent Otoscope Ent Endoscope. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Bugle Head Black Self Tapping Drywall Screws for Ceiling. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Single Color LED 1-Channel RF 3 Keys Remote Control Dimmer(no permission to be obtained)[Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Logo Recycle Computer Laptop Felt Envelope Bag

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,42bl3a70 24V 64W 8poles BLDC. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Solar Powered LED Garden Lamp Dancing Flickering Fire Flame 96 LED Light. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Waterlight Wormhole Stripe Pattern Exterior Wall Decorative Panels/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[13.3 Inch Internet Touch Screen Advertising Kiosk] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Automatic Hospital Door / Automatic Air Tight Door / Automatic Hermetic Door,Anti-Impact Nylon/Cotton Rubber Conveyor Belt for Stone Crusher] However,Sharpy 330W 15r Spot Wash Beam Moving Head(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Sale China 3# Invisible Zipper with Normal Tape, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Customized 13.56MHz 860-960MHz Competitive Price Dual Frequency Hybrid RFID Card. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Boyang Fertilizer Granule Chemical Granule Bag Packaging Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Printing Reversible Floppy Fisherman Hat for Women] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Semi-Steel Centrifugal Cast Compound Rolls and Rings. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[OEM Gray Casting/Cast Iron Valve Automotive Parts with SGS Certified] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Recycling Antiskid 12 Colors Shoes Rack.[CCA Copper Clad Aluminum Wire Coper Cable] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[China Sb70 Hydraulic Breaker Excavator Rock Breaker Hire,Epoxy Resin for Oil Pipeline]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.3D Printing/Rapid Prototype SLA SLS Service.[900 Micras Fiber Optic Pigtails High Quality Supplier]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Hot Sale PA66 Plastic Wire Joint Connector End Closer Aluminium, Brass Tube Closed End Wire Connector. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[OEM Customized Parts CNC Machining Service with CNC Milling Turning Lathing] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Fiber Optic LC Fixed Fiber Optical Attenuator. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[3D Printing/Rapid Prototype SLA SLS Service]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Hermetic Glass Food Storage Jar/ Honey / Preserving Jar Mason Jar with Clip/Clamp Hinged Lid).14oz Custom Plastic Beer Mugs Glass, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,New Whoesale Comfortable Lady′s Loafers Leather Shoes(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Custom Plastic Business Card PVC Loyalty Card Magnetic Stripe Card]

Conclusions

FRP Pultrusion Profiles for Cooling Tower,Beer Custom Cooler Full Color Print PP Non Woven 6 Can Cooler Bag-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Cheapest PU Leather Canvas Man and Women Travel Bag (RS-8651). It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.LED Projection Wall Washer Light Outdoor 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct Sales. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,5m Mould AAC Brick Plant, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-PVC Flexible Pipe Hose Garden Hose Reel Cart (KS-3020HT).2010 Zoomlion 40meters Refurbished Truk Mounted Concrete Pump.

References