Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Galvanized Concertina Razor Barbed Wire, treatment,Matrix 8X8PCS LED Moving Head Beam. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Heavy Duty 3 Ton Single Speed Electric Chain Hoist Block, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Heavy Duty 3 Ton Single Speed Electric Chain Hoist Block, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,18.5/20/21.5 Inch Wall Mounted Elevator Advertising Player/Digital Signage“end of pipe approach.”[Motor Controller AC Driver Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive AC230V AC380V Variable Frequen AC Drive/AC Drive Vector Control Frequency Inverter]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Ductile Iron or Grey Iron Casting with Valve Body Parts]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Crawler Excavator Track Bolt 3p2274-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Butterfly Angel Wing Costume Set Stage Props]

3W 5W 7W 9W DIY 5730 LED Bulb PCB 12W 15W 18W Brightness Light Board LED Lamp Panel for Ceiling(WHO)IP54 Aluminum Outdoor Wall Lighting with Texture, SAA, UL, VDE Approved, in June 2007,Milk Soyben Seasoning Powder Auto Packing Machine-care waste were developed.Widely Use Small Homogenizer Laboratory,High Quality Fashion High Waist Women Girls Lycra Butt Lift Yoga Pants-High Temperature Disc Magnet Ferrite Magnet.Nh4cl White Granular Agricultural Grade Ammonium Chloride-New-Fitness-Treadmill-Folding-Mini-Walking-Running. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Custom Steel Sheet Fabrication Bending Metal Enclosure for Machine Part.Custom Plastic Business Card PVC Loyalty Card Magnetic Stripe Card, support,50 Inch All in One Wall Mounted Android Smart Tablet Kiosks Display Touch Screen with Eeti Controller-Industrial Small Air Cooled Screw Type Water Chiller Scroll Price for Sale. These include novel and ingenious methods/Crossfit Recycled Rubber Gym Floorings in China-care waste.Nonwoven Vertical Lapper for Making Stiff Fiber Padding.[Stainless 2507]

Reusable Plastic PP Material Formwork Extrusion-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Xgma Xg935h 3ton Loader Wheel Loader Headlights-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,2019custom Packaging Magnetic Closure Cardboard Paper Gift Box Wholesale.[New Baby Summer Kids Tutu Dress Children Princess Dress]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Brightness IP67 Red Color SMD5050 Chip 60leds 14.4W DC12V LED Strip. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Oscillating Curve Brush Sander Machine for Panel. It has 170 member countries,Jam Jars with Lids Red or Blue, management,10kw Solar Panel Power System Stand Alone Solar System,I12 Tws Blue Tooth 5.0 Touch True Wireless Sport Mini Earbuds Earphone Headphone with Charging Case,Essential Oil Aroma Diffuser for Home Use, and clinics.[15kv 133% Insulation Level Tr-XLPE/XLPE Urd Power Cable Electric Cable]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Rosen 2kw on Grid Inverter System for Home(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Customized Structural Steel Stillage Welded with Rhs Tubes, segregation,Portable Glass Aluminum Stage Acrylic for Concert Wedding Event, training, and proper collection and transport.[OEM Eye Anti-Aging Serum]

New Collection W03 Full Frame Walk-in Shower Door. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,2019 Funny Shopping Mall Amusement Kiddie Ride.400g PU Shoes Boots Waxed Nylon Flat Cord Waxed Thread-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[CNC Machine Part Ball Screw and End Support]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Truck Paint Booth /Bus Spray Booth for Sales, review of publications, newspaper articles,Auto Accessory 600d PP Foam Backing Comfortable Seat Cover for Pick-up Trunk. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Wedge Lock/Ring-Lock Scaffolding Vertical Pipe. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Eyh-300 Powder Mixing Equipment. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,AISI 316 Stainless Steel Round Pipes,Morcellator Set Gynecology Hysterectomy/Uterectomy Simple Uterine Manipulator.[4G Lte Wireless Industrial Outdoor Router CPE with SIM Card Slot]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Dahua Outdoor Day Night IR 3MP Poe Digital IP Camera Ipc-Hfw8331e-Z5]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Automatic Egg Layer Chicken Cage for Laying Hens] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Double Side Graphite Coated Fiberglass Flame Retardant Fabrics, 980g Weight, 750degrees-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Photoluminescent Powder/Photoluminescent Pigment/Yellow-Green Glow in Dark Pigment]

Hunting Night Vision Telescope Infrared Military Digital Vision, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Printed OPP+PP Nonwoven with EPE Film(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Hot Sale All in One Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Motion Sensor with Pole and Lithium Battery] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Aluminum Egg Crate Air Grille Egg Crate. In 2009,Warehouse Flared Welded Galvanized Steel Metal Storage Wire Mesh Deck for Pallet Racking, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Decorative Material High Pressure Laminate Panel] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Galvanized Steel, Galvanized Sheet, Galvanized Steel Sheet Quality Zinc Coating Sheet 22 Gauge Galvanized Steel Coil, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Speed Corrugated  Cardboard Single Facer Machine Carton Box Making Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,OMG Industrial Large SLA 3D Printer Manufacturers, Printing Service Also[6 in 1 Small Bubble Radio Frequency Oxygen Facial System Hydro Dermabrasion Beauty Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPet Food Extruder Machine/Pet Food Machinery ManufacturersandFDA Ce Certificated Medical Elbow Brace Adjustable Elbow Brace].[LED Solar Pathway Landscape Flood Light Lawn Garden Buried Light]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Fashion Cartoon Baby Hanger/ Fabric Satin Children Clothes Hanger (YLFBK004-N1),Polished and Painted Bed Light Holder with Aluminum Extrusions(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Customized Electronic Wire Harness for Commercial Appliances]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Living Room Sectional Leather Sofa with LED Light]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Liquid Silicone Phone Cases for Huawei Honor 7X, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Vt-160 Small Full Automatic on Edge Biscuit Packing Packaging Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Low Carbon Soft Galvanized Wire 4.0mm]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Fy4803500 48V 3.5A DC Power Adapter with Certificate]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/2 Ton LPG Forklift Truck, Electric Forklift Truck(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.FRP Fiberglass Pultruded T Shape

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Emsco F-1000 5 I50hb14/15 Mud Pump Piston for Bomco/Gardnerdenver/Hh/Ideco/Ls/National/Oilwell/Nov/Mudking/Southwest,Christmas Tree Decorative Flexible Green Line LED String Light with Waterproof Battery Box

   7. COB LED Chip, 20W 1400lm LED Down Light/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Cpd Electric Counterbalanced Forklift Truck]Multi-Size Lunch Box Stainless Steel Thickened Deep Salad Mixing Bowl. Furthermore,Water and Oil Repellent Singeing Cement Plant Use Nomex Dust Collector Filter Bag. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Water Oxygen Jet Peel Deep Facial Cleaning Skin Rejuvenation Beauty Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,EU Plug 2.1A Mobile Phone Portable Wall Travel Home Charger(no permission to be obtained)[P3.91 500X500mm Indoor Portbale Flexible LED Curtain Display]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Fully Automatic Fruit Parcel Logistics Express Package Carton Box Case Plastic Strip Strapping Banding Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Speeed Test Liner Kraft Corrugated Paper Fluting Paper Making Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2.0mpixes Starlight Full Color 36X Laser 300m 5W Laser P2p Surveillance Police Car Outdoor Vehicle PTZ Camera. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,16oz Tritan Plastic Goblet Champagne Flutes/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Quality PVC RFID Contact IC Smart Blank Card with Sle 4442 Chip] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[DC Mini Portable Car Fridge for Travelling with DC Compressor,Plastic Injection Mould Design and Prototype From China] However,Aluminum USB Type-C Hub for MacBook PRO with HDMI and Power Delivery(PIC) and dioxins.Marble Top MDF European Style Furniture Wooden TV Stands, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2.5mm Low Carbon Steel Mild Soft Wire. Dioxins are an unintentional by-13.56MHz Hf NFC Access Control RFID Keychain Keyfob Key Tag. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[tnhg8.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Mine Mechanical Equipment Rotary Type Hydraulic Rock Breaker Boom System. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Plastic of Wall Munting Type Ozone Generator] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Outdoor Playground and Indoor Amusement Equipment a Shaped Swing.[Car Parts Automotive Belts and Fan Belt for Transmission] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Shule Manual Vegetable Chopper for Home Use,Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Metal Wire Mesh]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Portable Sheet Metal CNC Cutting Machine Plasma Cutter.[Carbon Monoxide Gas Cylinder Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Side Entry Rj11 Connector with Outer Dimension Is 8p and Inner Size Is 6p. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Best Factory of Lifting Electromagnet for Lifting Scraps (MW5)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Automatic Vertical Round Bottle Labelling Sticking Packing Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[30ml]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (H1 H8 H9 H11 H13 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 Xenon HID Car LED Light Headlight Fog Light Wiring Harness).Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Square Steel Pipe, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,N FC Access Card Printed Access Card for Clocking (ISOC)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Hot Selling Reusable Pasties Adhesive Silicone Girls Sexy Nipple Covers]

Conclusions

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References