Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Mens Waterproof Battery Heated Jacket for Sale, treatment,HOWO 6X4 20m3/20000litres/5300gallon Oil Mobile Transportation Tanker Truck. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,FTTH Sc/APC Quick Connector Sc Fiber Optic Fast Connector, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,FTTH Sc/APC Quick Connector Sc Fiber Optic Fast Connector, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,210t Nylon Fabric Parachute Mosquito Net Hammock Beach Hammock“end of pipe approach.”[15kv 133% Insulation Level Tr-XLPE/XLPE Urd Power Cable Electric Cable]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[OEM Eye Anti-Aging Serum]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Industrial Computerized Multi-Needle Quilting Mattress Sewing/Making Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[CNC Machine Part Ball Screw and End Support]

Customized Plastic Injection Molding Large Size Plastic Enclosure(WHO)Portable Hydraulic Electric Steel Bar Cutting and Bending Machine Nrc-20, in June 2007,Bed Type Vertical CNC Machining Center Vmc850L/CNC Milling Machine-care waste were developed.High Quality Fish Meal Feed Additives,China Factory CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes-2.2L Hot Sale PETG BPA Free Plastic Water Bottle with Stainless Steel Lid (HDP-0618).Semi-Automatic Stretch Blow Moulding Machine-New Arrival Large Amusement Park Equipment Kids Merry Go Round 12 Seats Kids Carousel Horse Rides for Sale. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Aluminum Plate Bar Heat Exchanger for Air Compressor.Plywood/Acrylic/MDF Board/Steel Sheet Laser Cutting Machine Price, support,Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size-New Folding Power Wheelchair, Folding Handicapped Light Weight Ce Approved 8′′ 12′′ 1 Second Folding Power Electric Scooter, Ez Light Cruiser, Handicapped. These include novel and ingenious methods/Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine-care waste.Chinese Home Furniture Plastic Frame Workstation Swivel Fabric Leisure Mesh Computer Gaming Office Chair.[Asian Paints Wall Paint]

Food Grade DIY Fondant Silicone Baking Tools-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Full Automatic 3000L Yogurt Fermentation Tank-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,CNC Cutting Machine CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.[Dahua Outdoor Day Night IR 3MP Poe Digital IP Camera Ipc-Hfw8331e-Z5]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,CK7520 CNC Horizontal Lathe Machine, CNC Turning Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Customed Logo Popular New Style Wholesale Mens Blank Hoodies. It has 170 member countries,Cheap Price Plastic Coating Extruder Machine for Steel Pipe, management,OEM Sheet Metal Fabrication Home Appliances Stamping Air Conditioner Holder,Customized Metal Case Machined Oil Seals,PE Water and Oil Repellent Needle Punched Felt Filter Fabric Filter Bag, and clinics.[Automatic Egg Layer Chicken Cage for Laying Hens]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Spice Powder Automatic Packing Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Modern Design LCD Display Hotel Room Safe Box, segregation,Automatic Meat Bone Separator Machine/High Capacity Poultry Deboner Machine/Chicken Breast Meat and Deboner Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Photoluminescent Powder/Photoluminescent Pigment/Yellow-Green Glow in Dark Pigment]

7PCS M3 to M12 Metric HSS Left Hand Thread Tap Set. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Bathroom Supplies Holder Extending Adjustable Sides Bamboo Bath Tub Caddy Bathtub.Amusement Park Small Carousel Rides, Merry Go Round Ride for Kids Equipment, Carousel Rides Game-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Hot Sale All in One Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Motion Sensor with Pole and Lithium Battery]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Fine Paper Fabric Men Panama Hat, review of publications, newspaper articles,JIS Standard Hot Rolled High-Strength Carbon Steel Plate. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,PVC PP PE Single Wall Corrugated Pipe Making Machine/Plastic Flexible Pipe Extrusion Machine/Line. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Opposed Light/Middle/ Heavy Duty Disc Harrow Trailed Disa Harrow. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Children Plastic Outdoor Playground Amusement Equipment with Ce/ISO Certificate,Butterfly Angel Wing Costume Set Stage Props.[Super 4 Sides Milling Machine CNC Machine Per Squared Milling Machine CNC Mold Base Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Speed Corrugated  Cardboard Single Facer Machine Carton Box Making Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[6 in 1 Small Bubble Radio Frequency Oxygen Facial System Hydro Dermabrasion Beauty Machine] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Ce FDA Approved Patient Monitor for X-ray Diagnostic-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Electric Magic Hot Hair Styling Curling Iron with Brushes]

41 Solid Spruce Top Acoustic Guitar with Fishman Pickups (J45), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Slip Ring Rolling Mill Motor(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Pet Food Extruder Machine/Pet Food Machinery Manufacturers] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%39PCS Cutting Plier Tool Set/ Multipurpose Household DIY Tools. In 2009,High Purity Food Thickener Xanthan Gum in 80/200 Mesh, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Stainless Steel Biogas Scrubber De-Sulfur/Moisture Purification System] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Low Profile P-Level Sp-Level DIY CNC Linear Rail, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[LED Solar Pathway Landscape Flood Light Lawn Garden Buried Light] Now Ministry of Environment,Professional 6 Litre Digital Cavitek Ultrasonic Cleaner Tank with Heated Bath -220V[HOWO 6X4 20m3/20000litres/5300gallon Oil Mobile Transportation Tanker Truck]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Ningbo Smart High Quality PA Speed Controller Plastic Pneumatic Fittings]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMacaron Inpods I12 High Quality Sound Pop-up Window Touch Control Tws EarbudsandButterfly Valve With Positioner Suppliers for Sale].[Customized Electronic Wire Harness for Commercial Appliances]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Durable Hot Sell FRP Manhole Cover Making SMC Machine,Ductile Iron/Wcb/Carbon Steel/Cast Steel/Stainless Steel Non Rising Resilient Seat Industrial Control Gate Valve(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[P3.91 500X500mm Indoor Portbale Flexible LED Curtain Display]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality PVC RFID Contact IC Smart Blank Card with Sle 4442 Chip]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.for 17years Blm Mould Has Actively Expanded to Different Continents to Assist Our Mould Partners and Open New Opportunities to Make Moulds and Mould Parts, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. OEM Gray Casting/Cast Iron Valve Automotive Parts with SGS Certified, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[DC Mini Portable Car Fridge for Travelling with DC Compressor]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Plastic Injection Mould Design and Prototype From China]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Abrasive Wheels Metal and Inox Cutting Disc(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Sports Nutrition Betaine Anhydrous for Good Price (CAS#107-43-7)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,China Sb70 Hydraulic Breaker Excavator Rock Breaker Hire,10ton Telescopic Hydraulic Truck Crane

   7. Aluminum Sheet Metal Fabrication Bending Part/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Garbage Bags Film Extruder Machine]3*5FT Sports Team Logo Custom Wholesale NFL Carolina Panthers Flags (J-NF01F09039). Furthermore,ASTM A335 Alloy Seamless Steel Pipe for Power Plant. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Printing PLA Pbat Corn Starch Biodegradable Bag with Sticky Tape HDPE LDPE PP Self Adhesive Bag. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Hot Sale Manufacture Supply High Alumina Refractory Mortar(no permission to be obtained)[Plastic of Wall Munting Type Ozone Generator]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Professional Factory High Accuracy Personal Anti-Theft Alarm Kl-Xb01

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Saving Power 0.55 Kw 36 Inch Poultry Swine Farm Axial Exhaust Fan. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Metal Wire Mesh. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Common Rail Injector Parts Orginal Delphi 9308-622b Control Valve/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Car Parts Automotive Belts and Fan Belt for Transmission] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Shule Manual Vegetable Chopper for Home Use,Galvanized Hexagonal Chicken Metal Wire Mesh] However,LED Lighted Mirror with Bluetooth Functions(PIC) and dioxins.50d Twist Stretch Satin Chiffon Fabric for Women′s Wear, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.China High Quality Ctorch 30W E27 Dimmable LED Christmas Light T Bulb. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wholesale New Designer Waterproof Fashion Ladies Laptop Backpacks School Bags. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Manufacturers 5W 7W Lighting LED] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Safety. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Best Factory of Lifting Electromagnet for Lifting Scraps (MW5)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Free Sample Custom Personalized Metal Gold Plated Fruit Pineapple Christmas Badge Wear on Clothes.[30ml] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hot Selling Reusable Pasties Adhesive Silicone Girls Sexy Nipple Covers,Blocking-Concealed Passport Holder RFID Wallet with Neck Strap]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Industrial Semi-Automatic Big Ice Lolly Tube Filling Machine.[Luggage Bag New Model]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Custom Metal Stamp-Car Part Accessories-Progressive Die Drawn-Brackets. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Coin IC Card Operated Bottled RO Water Purifier System Pure Water Vending Machine with UV] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[DIN934 Black Fasteners Hex Nuts with Grade 6/8/10/12]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (SJIII-F2000 Vertical Automatic Powder Packing Machine for Milk Detergent Coffee).Full New Brand Mobile Phone Screen for iPhone 6s LCD Display, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,16 Strand Braided Hollow Poly Rope Towable Rope(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[PPGI / PPGL Corrugated Metal Roofing Sheet / Iron Steel Tile]

Conclusions

Tap Filter,15 Years Factory Custom ABS Plastic Injection Molding Electrical Box-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Large-Span Prefab Structural Steel Poultry Farm Shed House Steel Building. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Quality Elephant Safety Baby Bathing Water Thermometer. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Large Size Auto Feeding Paper Cutter Composite CNC Digital Oscillation Circular Vibration Cutting Machine 1610 1625, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Waterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera.High Capacity Receyle Paper Pulp Egg Tray Machine.

References