Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Ce Approved for 8 Years Conventional Welding Rotator Turning Rolls, treatment,CO2 Wooden Letters and Veneer Laser Engraving Cutting Machine Engraver Cutter 60W. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Foldable Lady Footwear Soft Flat Indoor Slipper Shoe (JMC-387N), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Foldable Lady Footwear Soft Flat Indoor Slipper Shoe (JMC-387N), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,48W/50W 110V Temporary Worksite LED Work Lamp for Industrial“end of pipe approach.”[Good Price Lighted Vanity Bathroom Wall LED Mirror with Magnify Mirror]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Motorcycle Parts Ignition Coil Ignition Comp. for Gn125/En125]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/95cm Black Kitchen Holder Stainless Steel Stand Storage Holder Over Sink Dish Drying Rack-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Galvanized/PVC Chain Link Garden Security Wire Mesh Iron Metal Farm Fence for Safety]

Rigging Hardware Stainless Steel Bow Shackle Omega Shackle(WHO)3D XPE PE Foam Brick Designs Wallpaper From Factory, in June 2007,Automatic Hot Foil Stamping and Die Cutting Machine for Paper Size 780*560mm (TL780)-care waste were developed.High Quality Aluminum Profile Chinese Manufacturer,2018 Top-Rated 100ml Glass Perfume Bottle with High Quality-DZG Standard Self-Alignment Welding Tank Rotator.Waterproof IP65 Outdoor Solar Powered LED Garden Lamp Dancing Flickering Fire Flame 96 LED Light-Waterlight Wormhole Stripe Pattern Exterior Wall Decorative Panels. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Sharpy 330W 15r Spot Wash Beam Moving Head.Hot Sale China 3# Invisible Zipper with Normal Tape, support,Customized 13.56MHz 860-960MHz Competitive Price Dual Frequency Hybrid RFID Card-Boyang Fertilizer Granule Chemical Granule Bag Packaging Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Semi-Steel Centrifugal Cast Compound Rolls and Rings-care waste.Recycling Antiskid 12 Colors Shoes Rack.[Electric Fire Coal Effect Inserts]

3D Printing/Rapid Prototype SLA SLS Service-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot Sale PA66 Plastic Wire Joint Connector End Closer Aluminium, Brass Tube Closed End Wire Connector-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Fiber Optic LC Fixed Fiber Optical Attenuator.[Nitrile Flexible Hose for Fuel and Oil Delivery]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Hermetic Glass Food Storage Jar/ Honey / Preserving Jar Mason Jar with Clip/Clamp Hinged Lid. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Costomized Pressure Storage Tank Chemical Manufacturing Vessel(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Non Woven Dust Pollution Face Mask 4 Ply Activated Carbon Face Mask, segregation,33/11kv Dry Type Cast Resin Power Transformer, training, and proper collection and transport.[Stone Crush Ep 400 Rubber Conveyor Belt]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Cylinder Head for OEM 96440128 Captiva Z20s Engine Gasoline Car, review of publications, newspaper articles,China Professional Mesh Belt Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment Manufacturer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Plain Galvanized Flooring Grating with Galvanization. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Women Training Vest with Shorts Sexy Sports Athletic Fitness Wear. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,FRP Pultrusion Profiles for Cooling Tower,Beer Custom Cooler Full Color Print PP Non Woven 6 Can Cooler Bag.[Wired Dual Beam Active Photoelectric Laser Infrared Barrier Alarm Detector]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Quality China Hot P3.9 Outdoor LED Displays Full Color Advertising Transparent LED Screen]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[99% Sarms Raw Powder Ostarine / Mk-2866 / Mk2866 Enobosarm CAS 841205-47-8] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Cheapest PU Leather Canvas Man and Women Travel Bag (RS-8651)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Portable 1920X1080p Car Key Chain Camera T4000 Mini DV IR LED Night Video Recorder Wireless Camera]

LED Projection Wall Washer Light Outdoor 6W 18W 36W 72W 120W Factory Direct Sales, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,5m Mould AAC Brick Plant(HCF) in India across 20 states.[13.56MHz Hf NFC Access Control RFID Keychain Keyfob Key Tag] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%PVC Flexible Pipe Hose Garden Hose Reel Cart (KS-3020HT). In 2009,2010 Zoomlion 40meters Refurbished Truk Mounted Concrete Pump, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[www.nsen-valve.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Neodymium NdFeB Countersunk Hole Holding Pot Magnet, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hot Sale Suagr /Paste Filling and Sealing Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Color Crinted Plaid 4mm Woven Wool Felt Fabric Anti-Static Moving Blanket[2019 Round Shape Laboratory Plastic Petri Dish 90mm Sterile Mould]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Centrifugal Fans Electric Misting Cooler with Purify Air]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables925 Sterling Silver Butterfly Ring with Rhodium Plating Jewelryandwww.arabellaclothing.com].[Shacman New 6X4 Weichai Engine Manual Dump Tipper Truck Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Factory Glow in The Dark Outdoor Basketball Net,14inch High Performance Marble Diamond Saw Blade(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[11 Years Experience Good Price Anti-Glare 20W 30W Recessed Ceiling LED Downlight]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Plastic PP Hollow Building Formwork Concrete Cleaning Making Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Gabion Boxs / Gabion Cases, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Chicken Slaughtering Equipment/High Efficiency/ Halal Slaughtering, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[50d Twist Stretch Satin Chiffon Fabric for Women′s Wear]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Tp321 Stainless Pipe /Heat Exchanger/Condenser Tube]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China High Quality Turbo Diamond Cutting Blade(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.80-200W LED High Mast Flood Projector Lighting for High-Pole Football Field Sport Stadium Tennis Court

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,RS485 RS232 Digital Capacitive Diesel Tank Level Sensor,Forged Steel Sw-NPT Completed Gate Valve

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Bulk Supply Sarms Powder Lgd-4033 Lgd 4033 CAS 1165910-22-4 in Us Warehouse]High Visibility Trousers Reflective Safety Work Pants. Furthermore,Wholesale 50ml 100ml Aluminum Mist Spray Perfume Bottle for Hairdressing. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Print Paper Cardboard Flat Folding Black Magnetic Gift Box. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Stainless/Mild Steel Honeycomb Core for Cooling Tower(no permission to be obtained)[24V 2A DC Fan Controller Board for 42-56 Inch Blades]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Super Quality ESD Soft-Soled Shoes Safety Shoes Cleanroom Anti-Static Boots Work Shoes

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Mini X Pencil Hard Tag with Lanyard (YS227). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,4K HDMI V2.0 Switch 5X1. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Elastic Workshop Office Gym Rubber Flooring Tiles/Rubber Floor Mat/Garage Floor/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Wholesale 50ml 100ml Aluminum Mist Spray Perfume Bottle for Hairdressing] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Brass Female Thread Union Inserts Fitting with Nickel Plated for PPR,Lady′s V Neck Dry-Fit Sports Wear in Lemon Green] However,Clear/Transparent PVC Film Rolls for Bed Sheet Bags or Bedding Packaging(PIC) and dioxins.Drop Stitch 2 Person Inflatable Fishing Kayak with Removable Seats, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Home Gym Fitness Equipment Elliptical Cross Trainer with Seat. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2018 Hot Selling Fruit Design Silicone Teether for Teething Baby. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[www.hdfmills.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,DIN/ANSI/BS/JIS Carbon-Steel/Stainless-Steel Hexagon Flat Head Dispensing Anti-Loose Mechanical Screw. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Vacuum Forming Super Clear Pet Sheet Plastic Products] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pet Food Machine Dry Pet Food Pellet Machine.[Twin Wall Polycarbonate Hollow Sheet UV Resistant] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Pet Packing Strap Band Production Line Strap Tape Extrusion Line Strapping Band Belt Making Machine,Penny Loafer Men′s Real Leather Shoes]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Worldwide Market Split Pressurized Flat Panel Solar Water Heater.[Animals Decoration Outdoor Play Equipment Slide with Swings]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Aluminum-Clad Steel Spool Insulator Metal Tie. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[IP65 Waterproof Explosion Proof Junction Box Plastic Box Electronic Enclosure] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Customized Length Medical Suction Connecting Tube with Yankauer Handle Crowed/Standard Tip. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Staple Length Fiberglass Yarn for Ceiling Panels]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (LCD Display Pure Sine Wave 10kVA-300kVA Modular Online UPS Power Supply).PP Cartridge Ultra Filter for Water Treatment in All Size, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hme Filter (heat and moisture exchanger filter)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Yingjiao Competitive Price Lipo Sans Lithium Class 2 Battery Charger]

Conclusions

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References