Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Bubble Moisture Bamboo Charcoal Black Mask Cleanses Pore Skin Care, treatment,Stainless Steel Inox Milk Mixing Cooling Tank Price. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,110V-240V LED Filament Bulb Globe Cafe Patio String Light, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,6mm Decorative Wooden Grain Fiber Cement Board“end of pipe approach.”[High Quality 1 Micron Glass Fiber Filter Paper for Medical]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Customized Iron on Fashion Pink Breast Cancer Ribbon Embroidery Patches for Clothing-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Drum Type Magnetic Separator]

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ZD 90W DC Brush / Brushless Transmission Planetary Gear Motor-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Forklift Air Vents Twistlocks Offered 6FT 8FT 10FT Mini Set Container-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Latex Free Olive Face Cut Makeup Sponge /Oval Makeup Sponge Not Makeup Remover Sponge.[210t Nylon Fabric Parachute Mosquito Net Hammock Beach Hammock]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,TPR Shoe Material Thermoplastic Rubber/Wood Pellet Production Line/Plastic Wood Composite Making Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Damp Proof for Camera, Lens and PCB Dehumidifying Cabinet(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Medical Refrigeratory Cold Room Freezer Storage, segregation,LED Cabinet Light Wardrobe Furniture Sink Drawer Lighting Work Lamp, training, and proper collection and transport.[Steel Trusses Wood Building Components Made in China]

Light Steel Structure Chicken Poultry Farming Building. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Newborn Infant 3 PCS Clothes Kids Girl Outfits Children Baby Gifts Layette Sets with Bib.Glass Manufacturer/Float Glass/ Tempered Glass (Flat or Curved) for Building / Furniture-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[48W/50W 110V Temporary Worksite LED Work Lamp for Industrial]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Portable 1920X1080p Car Key Chain Camera T4000 Mini DV IR LED Night Video Recorder Wireless Camera, review of publications, newspaper articles,Little Ant Golden Marble/ Ceramic/Tile Cutting Saw Blade. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Color Fancy Paper Made Small Jewellery Box. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Size Packaging Box for Cosmetic,Jiaheng brand Prestressing single acting hydraulic cylinder 25 ton hydraulic cylinder for dump truck.[Smart Wireless WiFi Electronic Home Office Hotel Door Lock Lxz19]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Recycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Speed Ce ISO Muffler Cap Hat Scarf Sock Knitting Machine Single Jersey Small Circular Knitting Machines for Scarf Cap Hats Maker] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Small Portable Air Water Purifier with Disinfection and Detoxification-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank]

Large Outdoor Restaurant Tent Gazebo Tent, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Auger Filling Automatic Powder Filling Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom CNC Milling Parts in Stainless Steel 304 Aluminum 6061/7075-T6] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Steel 340 Hex Head Bolt 316 Hex Head Bolt. In 2009,Construction Equipment Mechanical Taper Thread Rolling Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Indoor Outdoor Decoration Battery Operated 20LED Metal Lamp Pendant String Light] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Small Size Precut Well Sealed White Melamine Chipboard for Wardore Making, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[for 17years Blm Mould Has Actively Expanded to Different Continents to Assist Our Mould Partners and Open New Opportunities to Make Moulds and Mould Parts] Now Ministry of Environment,0.38mm Color Orange PVB Interlayer Film for Architecture Laminated Glass*[Stainless Steel 340 Hex Head Bolt 316 Hex Head Bolt]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Stainless Steel Aluminum High Speed High Pressure Steel Air Rotary Joint Union]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Quality Stainless Steel Pressure Mixerand3 Bbl Brite Tank Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList].[LED Lighted Mirror with Bluetooth Functions]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Zinc Alloy Electric Key Card Hotel Door Lock with ANSI Quality Mortise,Elastic Hook & Loop Tape for Baby Diaper(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[PVC Coated MGO Board Ceiling Tile]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Custom Black Ductile Iron Cast Drining Pipe Fittings]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Luxury Prefab Ready Made Economical Portable Tiny Home Modular House, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[China Battery Factory Direct Sale OEM 36V 2.6ah Lithium Battery]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/CNC Hydraulic Metal Sheet Plate Bending Machine Tadem Press Brake (2-CLPB-FY 160T/6000)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Galvanized Chicken Breeding Farm Machinery Battery Layer Cage with Automatic Feeding Equipment

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Shr/IPL Laser for Hair Removal Skin Rejuvenation,Automatic Seaweed Vermicelli Noodle Weighing Packaging Packing Machine

   7. Plastic Foldable Stackable Egg Crate/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Xps Foam Insualtion Board]500mm Round Ceiling Mounted Rain Sky Shower Head. Furthermore,Hot Sale Night Vision Security Infrared IR Bus Internal CCTV Dome Camera. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Quality Encapsulated Common Mode Choke. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,The Newest Product IEC Standard AC Contactor 3p 4p (LC1-CJX2-D)(no permission to be obtained)[600L Deburring Polishing Grinding Industrial Vibratory Tumbler UK]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Rg58 BNC Male to BNC Female Connector Adapter Coaxial RF Pigtail Extension Cable

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Factory Wholesale Carbon Round Galvanized Steel Pipe Price. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,10 Inch ERW Welded Carbon Steel Pipe. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Pneumatic Packing Machine for Film Rolls Packing/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Red Expanded Metal Wire Mesh Expanded Plate Mesh] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[17% Aluminium Sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3 for Water Treatment,Professional Unitec Diamond Blades Lowes Melbourne for Granite Cutting] However,Toyon Silent RoHS Ce Standard 10 Inch DC Big Size Induct Air Fan(PIC) and dioxins.Outdoor Full Light LED Acrylic Alphabet Letter Signs, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.25m3/H, 35m3/H, 50m3/H Low Price Concrete Mixing Station From Factory. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Embossed Sticker For Kids With Glitter] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Speed Rg59+2c Power Coaxial Wholesale Rg59 Video Power Cable Best Price CCTV Cable. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[25t Rubber Vulcanizing Machine Small Rubber Vulcanizing Press] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Battery Operated Low Table Railway Vehicle Transport Bricks.[Food Grade Customized Metal Candy Can Square Mint Tin Box] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Drum Type Water Spray Vegetable and Fruit Washing Machine,Stainless Steel Water Cream Bulk Storage Tank]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.WiFi Antenna, Waterproof GPS GSM 3G 4G Car Antenna.[Dual Socket Outlets]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Reusable 24 Fiber MTP Male to LC Quad Multimode 6 Ports OM5 Cassette Fully Loaded. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Aluminum Egg Crate Air Grille Egg Crate] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Diesel Engien Mobile Log Debarking Machine for Beech Oak Wood. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Work Holding Design CNC Machine Center Tool Jigs/Fixtures]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (as RS Industrial Warehouse Automatic Storage and Retrieval Rack System).Ocean Theme Seashell Carved Wax Pillar Candles  , Decorative Flameless Candle, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Phone Display Fittings for Mobile Phone Shop Interior Design(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Maxdrill R32 64mm Rock Drill Bit for Small Hole Drilling Drill Bit]

Conclusions

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References