Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Big Size OEM Metal Home Travel Office Outdoor First Aid Kit, treatment,Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Modern and High Quality Office Furniture Swing Door Steel Filing Cabinet Steel Cabinet“end of pipe approach.”[Aluminum-Clad Steel Spool Insulator Metal Tie]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[2.3*25 Concrete Nails]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Stone Honeycomb Panel with Granite on Top-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Industrial Computerized Multi-Needle Quilting Mattress Sewing/Making Machine]

12HP Mini Tractor for Sale, Farm Tractor(WHO)Customized Natural Mini Hair Care Bamboo Massage Comb, in June 2007,Laundry Detergent Pacs Laundry Pods Bulk with Bleach and Softener-care waste were developed.New Custom Polarized Cycling Sunglasses Bike Sports Sun Glasses,200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller-15mm Type B Bond Birch Exterior Plywood with High Strength.High Speed Shutters for Clear Room, Food Factory Ect.-Stainless Steel Pipe for Exhaust System SUH409L/1.4510/441/436L/304. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-1300mm X 2500mm Woodworking CNC Router.Fy4803500 48V 3.5A DC Power Adapter with Certificate, support,Custom ID Card Holder Soft PVC Plastic Transparent Horizontal and Verticalbusiness Card Holder (14)-High Quality Five Finger Disposable Black Nitrile Glove. These include novel and ingenious methods/OEM Customized Safety Reflective Fluorescent Pants-care waste.High Precision Die Casting Phone Mold / Mould Making China Manufacturer.[Anti-Flood Bank Protection Hot Galvanized Gabion Mesh]

Factory Direct Straight Top Wrought Iron Door-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Cheap ABS Children Travel Luggage Bag Trolley 18 Inch Cartoon Character Kid Luggage-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf.[Stainless Steel Hole Punching Machine/ CNC Perforation Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Plain Woven PTFE Coated Teflon Fiberglass Cloth. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Agriculture Rubber Matting/Cow Horse Matting/Animal Rubber Mat. It has 170 member countries,Coin IC Card Operated Bottled RO Water Purifier System Pure Water Vending Machine with UV, management,New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty,Motor Controller AC Driver Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive AC230V AC380V Variable Frequen AC Drive/AC Drive Vector Control Frequency Inverter,Delrin Sheets with Good Wear Resistance, and clinics.[RGBW Dining Room LED Pub Table Sets for Sale]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)ISO Factory of Surface Welding Disk Disc Cutter Ring(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence, segregation,Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series), training, and proper collection and transport.[Tinned Stranded Copper Wire Teflon Insulated Electric Auto Cable for Harness]

Factory Sale Standard Welding Rotator Pipe Rotator. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Tinned Stranded Copper Wire Teflon Insulated Electric Auto Cable for Harness.Veterinary Peptide Lyophilized Powder Tb-500 for Horse Racing-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[PVC Profile Wall Panel Plastic Extrusion Machine Equipment]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter, review of publications, newspaper articles,Low Price Soundless Hsca Cracking Agent for Demolition. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Dahua Outdoor Day Night IR 3MP Poe Digital IP Camera Ipc-Hfw8331e-Z5. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Gem Hot DIP Galvanizing Equipment Manufacturer. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector,Brick Works Overband Magnets for Conveyor Belt Width 1000mmstock Feed Harmful Fine Iron Remove.[Police Stainless Steel Handcuff Manacle with ISO Standard]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Pipe Fitting ASME B16.9 Carbon Steel A105 Forged/Flat/Slip-on/Orifice/ Lap Joint/Soket Weld/Blind /Welding Neck Flanges]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Top Sale Good Toughness High Transperancy Color Stretch Cling Film] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Passive Lf +UHF Dual Frequency RFID Card with Alien H3+Tk4100 Chip Security Access Cards-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[1 1/2 Inch En 10305 St52 Schedule80 Cold Drawn Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe]

Organic Fertilizer Granulator / Fertilizer Production Equipment, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,South Africaice Lolly Machine with Free Mould(HCF) in India across 20 states.[10g Accuracy and 100g-500g Rated Load Digital Floor Scale] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%OEM Precision Stamping Metal Parts/CNC Machining/Metal Bending/Laser Cutting/Sheet Metal/Stamping. In 2009,Anti Aging Anti Wrinkle Face Serum Best Skin Care Beauty Products Brand Customization, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Baseball Caps Hats Men] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Industrial Ce Approved 15HP Stump Grinder, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ 600n (135lbs) Lift Steel Gas Spring Strut with Eyelet] Now Ministry of Environment,Customized Packing Agrochemical Tebuconazole[Automatic Hot Foil Stamping and Die Cutting Machine for Paper Size 780*560mm (TL780)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Dimmable 1200X300 LED Panel for 2X4 Office Ceiling Light 60W]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesManufacturer Lj-2000 Coconut Washing MachineandSoft Surfboard].[Low Pressure Solar Water Heater Intelligent Controller Sr500 with Ce]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Lianggong Factory Supply Good Quality High-Strength Tie Rod for Construction Formwork System,900lb/1500lb/2500lb Pressure Seal Flanged End Gate Valve (GAZ541H)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Mens Waterproof Battery Heated Jacket for Sale]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Custom ID Card Holder Soft PVC Plastic Transparent Horizontal and Verticalbusiness Card Holder (14)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Global Shining Ceramic Tile Inkjet Digital 5D UV Printer, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. HD Industry Inspection Endoscope Camera with 5.5 mm Camera Lens Diameter, 1.5 M Testing Cable, 4.5 Inches Monitor Size, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Swivel Eye Carabiner Plated Zinc Snap Hook]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Diesel Engine Cylinder Head Short Cylinder Block for Cummins 6b 6bt 6D102 Engine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Qg Series Steel Pipe Shot Blasting Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Biodegradable Clear Zipper Lock Plastic Packing Bag for Underwear

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,R134A Commercial Single Door Showcase Vertical Refrigerator for Drinks LG-430f,2018 Unisex New Fashion Mens Custom Nylon Nato Strap Band Wooden Dw Three Hands Watch #V567

   7. Milk Powder Packing Machine -Can/ Jar/Bottle/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Aluminium Silicate Insulation Wool]High Quality Stainless Steel Single bowl Rectangle Kitchen Basin 5338h. Furthermore,High Quality Pigment Iron Oxide Red110 /Blue/Green. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Superfine Anti-Slip Class Spc Flooring Rigid Vinyl Plank 48′x9′(no permission to be obtained)[ Stainless Steel Sink with Double Bowl]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Tungsten Crucible and Tungsten Tube Tungsten Copper Alloy. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,0.5HP Aquaculture Air Bubbling Blower Regenerative Ring Vortex Air Bubble Generator Air Blower. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,6 Meter Length ASTM A106 Gr B Sch40 Black Seamless Steel Pipe/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Foil-Woven Insulation & Vapor Barrier Fw-76] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Silicon Ecofriendly Folded Pet Feeding Colorful Buckle Dog Bowls,High Quality 1 Micron Glass Fiber Filter Paper for Medical] However,Mens Luxury Red Skull Ebony Wrist Watch Automatic Mechanical Bamboo Wooden Skeleton Written Watches Cool Sport Men Males Relogio -V191(PIC) and dioxins.China Custom High Quality Embroidery Heat Transfer Tactical Military Police Uniform Iron on Patches Supplies Embroidered Flower Chenille Cotton Clothing Label, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.PDA 1d 2D Upc/Pdf/Data Matrix/Maxicode/Qr Code Laser Bar Code Reader. Dioxins are an unintentional by-White Chemical Resistant High Pressure Compact Laminate Phenolic HPL Board. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Automatic Stick Packing Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Cross Recessed Phillip Head Tapping Screw with Large Washer Drywall Screw. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Factory Directly Sale Woven Patch, Custom Embroidery Patch for Uniform Clothes Hats.[Drum Type Magnetic Separator] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[210t Nylon Fabric Parachute Mosquito Net Hammock Beach Hammock,60 Core Waterproof Fiber Optic Cable]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Macaron Inpods I12 High Quality Sound Pop-up Window Touch Control Tws Earbuds.[1.2 Welding Wire]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dimmable 1200X300 LED Panel for 2X4 Office Ceiling Light 60W. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Steel Trusses Wood Building Components Made in China] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Steel Trusses Wood Building Components Made in China. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[48W/50W 110V Temporary Worksite LED Work Lamp for Industrial]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (250ml/500ml/1000ml Transparent Round Glass Storage Honey Jar with Tin Lid).Lpcb Approved Fire Alarm System Reflective Infrared Beam Smoke Detector Beam Sensor, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Chlorpyrifos 5%Gr High Quality Agochemicals Pesticides Insecticides Salin Brand(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Recycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine]

Conclusions

ISO Ce Welding En 1090 Ce Certificate Structural Steel,Automatic Cashew Nut Fast Sheller Almond Shelling Machine Peanut Peeler Machine-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,100-220V Modern 400sqt Black 3D Fire Heating Electric Fireplace with Remote Control (EMP-001). It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Microwave Cashew Nuts Drying Machine Grain Dryer. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Abrasive Wheel for Grinding Industrial Belt Brush Removal Conveyor Belt Wire, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Hot Sale Suagr /Paste Filling and Sealing Machine.Toughened Glass Disc Suspension Insulator.

References