Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Electro Galvanized Iron Wire Mesh Cattle Fencing, treatment,Best Seller Picosure Q-Switched ND YAG Laser Tattoo Removal Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hardware Fittings Fiber Drop Cable Anchoring Clamp S Type“end of pipe approach.”[Reusable Silicone Collapsible Straight Drinking Straws for Promotion Gift]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Flow 450L/H Fountain Brushless Water Circulating Decoration Amphibious Pumps for Water Return DC 12V]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/60 Core Waterproof Fiber Optic Cable-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[FRP Pultrusion Profiles for Cooling Tower]

Airline Promotional Disposable Printing Sleeping Eye Mask(WHO)Wheel Type Sand Mixer Blade Mixer Sand Preparation Equipment Concrete Paddle Mixer, in June 2007,Double Layer Garbage Bag Film Blowing Machine-care waste were developed.Laboratory Twin Screw Extruder Price,Plastic Packing Bag for Apple Chips Packaging with Ziplock-Living Room Sectional Leather Sofa with LED Light.Optical Fiber MPO MTP Cassette for Data Center 1u High Density MPO MTP Solutions-Work Holding Design CNC Machine Center Tool Jigs/Fixtures. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Customized SPCC Secc SGCC Stainless Steel Aluminum Prototype Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication Service.High End Lace Fabric, Guangzhou Gold Metallic Lace Fabric, support,ATV Children′s Electric Ride on Car New Plastic Kid′s Toy-Stainless Steel Elbow 8 Pipe 2 Fittings Plastic Equal 4 PVC Carbon 6 Reducing Tee 3 Water 12 Female 2.5 Inch. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008-care waste.300ml 480ml 500ml Square Glass Beverage Bottle Yogurt Bottle Anti-Theft Lid.[Popular 14.8V 2200mAh 18650 Li Ion Battery Pack for vacuum Cleaner]

Rotary/Sliced Cut Red/Yellow Wood Veneer, Veneer for Plywood Furniture-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Factory Custom Fancy 3D Children′s Pop-up Books Colorful Printing Story Picture Cardboard Book-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,OEM Zinc Alloy Die Casting.[Factory Sell 24V 4 Inch Offroad Car LED Work Light 48W Flood LED Work Light for Car Truck Tow Forklift]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Wireless Remote Control Wafer Motorized Modulating Butterfly Valve. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Home Furniture Coffee Table with Nature Marble Top, segregation,13.3 Inch Internet Touch Screen Advertising Kiosk, training, and proper collection and transport.[High Quality Pigment Iron Oxide Red110 /Blue/Green]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Cross Belt Magnetic Belt Separator for Removing Iron, review of publications, newspaper articles,New Aluminium Alloys Quality Unique Raised Luxury Pet Dog Bed 4. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Customized Wholesale China Supply PCB PCBA Prototype PCB Electronic Circuit Board. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing,AAC MachineAAC Plant AAC Block Plant.[Coffee Ziplock Bags]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[2019 New Inflatable Toy Kids Inflatable Bouncer Jumping]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Woodworking Machinery Single-Spindle Moulder Milling Groove/ Conventional Universal Small Wood Milling Machine CNC] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Direct Factory Price 70L Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tank-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Customized Packing Agrochemical Tebuconazole]

Dimmable Linkable Lighting Fixture Recessed Office Linear Light Recessed Wall Lamp, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Speed 33 Head Computerized Quilting Machine for Embroidery(HCF) in India across 20 states.[OEM Customized Safety Reflective Fluorescent Pants] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%China Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric. In 2009,Ductile Iron or Grey Iron Casting with Valve Body Parts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[ASME B36.19 M 3 Std Stainless Steel Elbow (90D Lr.)] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,RGBW Dining Room LED Pub Table Sets for Sale, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Fiber Optic Connector Types LC Om3 Sx 3.0mm Connector Kit] Now Ministry of Environment,Jsm S9-500kVA/33kv Oil Immersed Power Transformer Distribution Transformer[Alloy 3003 Color Coated Corrugated Aluminium Roofing Sheet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [G/Epon ONU 1ge+3fe+CATV+WiFi Gpon WiFi ONU]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables6040 40W Low Cost CNC Router CO2 Small Laser Wood CutterandNew Product OEM Greeting Gift Wedding Birthday Christmas Card Manufacturer].[America 12V 7pin Flat Blade Trailer Plug]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,5V USB Charging Port Rechargeable 48V Downtube Ebike Battery 13s5p 48V 17.5ah Hailong Battery,Lead Edge 3 Color Printing Slotting Rotary Die Cutter Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Manual Semi Automatic Stainless Steel Metal Pipe Cutting Machine Manufacturer]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Energy Saving and High Strength Cement Foam Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Factory Direct Sale Single Side Coated Materials for Flexible Print, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Insulation Material for Glass Curtain Wall, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[LCD Commercial Digital Signage Indoor Touch Screen Information Kiosk]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Plastic Good Impact Transparent Pet Sheet Anti-Scratch Pet Plastic Sheet]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Wholesale Us Type Hot DIP Galvanized Carbon D Shackle(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Solar System PV Energy Mounting Structure for Solar Panel Installation

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Full Range Diameter PE Pipe for Water Supply Transport,Plastic Gas and Water End Protective Covers (YZF-H26)

   7. 220VAC 7g Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifier/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Copper Table Lamp]Big Size OEM Metal Home Travel Office Outdoor First Aid Kit. Furthermore,Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Modern and High Quality Office Furniture Swing Door Steel Filing Cabinet Steel Cabinet(no permission to be obtained)[Automatic Cashew Nut Fast Sheller Almond Shelling Machine Peanut Peeler Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Stone Honeycomb Panel with Granite on Top

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,12HP Mini Tractor for Sale, Farm Tractor. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Factory Direct Straight Top Wrought Iron Door. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Cheap ABS Children Travel Luggage Bag Trolley 18 Inch Cartoon Character Kid Luggage/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[2019 Funny Shopping Mall Amusement Kiddie Ride] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Factory Custom Fancy 3D Children′s Pop-up Books Colorful Printing Story Picture Cardboard Book,Polished and Painted Bed Light Holder with Aluminum Extrusions] However,2 Wheels Smart Self Balancing Electric Scooter 60V12ah Golf(PIC) and dioxins.Plain Woven PTFE Coated Teflon Fiberglass Cloth, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Agriculture Rubber Matting/Cow Horse Matting/Animal Rubber Mat. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Coin IC Card Operated Bottled RO Water Purifier System Pure Water Vending Machine with UV. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Vehicle Car GPS Magnetic Tracking Device with Software System GPS104] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,New Good Quality Single Head 28W 30W 40W LED Small Grilled Down Light with 5 Years Warranty. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[200ml-500ml Clear Square Glass Jar with Metal Lid] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Motor Controller AC Driver Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive AC230V AC380V Variable Frequen AC Drive/AC Drive Vector Control Frequency Inverter.[1kw 2kw 3kw 4kw 5kw 6kw 7kw Low Frequency Solar Inverter 50Hz 60Hz Single Phase Pure Sine Wave Inverter 12/24/48V 110/230V] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Semi PU/PVC Upholstery Leather for Car Seat Automobile Marin Medical Furniture-Lab,South Africaice Lolly Machine with Free Mould]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Delrin Sheets with Good Wear Resistance.[Headphone Bluetooth]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.ISO Factory of Surface Welding Disk Disc Cutter Ring. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[H1 H8 H9 H11 H13 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 Xenon HID Car LED Light Headlight Fog Light Wiring Harness] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Green PVC Coated Euro Fence Welded Wire Mesh Fence Garden Fence Euro Wire Fence. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[2018 Hot Selling Fruit Design Silicone Teether for Teething Baby]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Stone Grinding Mill (YGM Series)).Factory Sale Standard Welding Rotator Pipe Rotator, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Tinned Stranded Copper Wire Teflon Insulated Electric Auto Cable for Harness(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Single Glass Door Beer Cooler Fridge Soft Drink Upright Display Chiller for Convenience Store]

Conclusions

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References