Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Audio Switching Power Supply 15V 2A Wall Adapter, treatment,High Efficient Adult Diaper Machine with Ce (CNK300-SV). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Good Quality Medical Glycerol Processing Plant/Used Cooking Oil to Make Biodiesel/Middle and Small Biodiesel Plant for Sale, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Good Quality Medical Glycerol Processing Plant/Used Cooking Oil to Make Biodiesel/Middle and Small Biodiesel Plant for Sale, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Bamboo Plain Dyed Bed Sheet Set“end of pipe approach.”[Diesel Engine Cylinder Head Short Cylinder Block for Cummins 6b 6bt 6D102 Engine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[ Stainless Steel Sink with Double Bowl]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Eco Friendly Rice Stand up Pouch Bag with Window Block Bottom Plastic Bags for Flour-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Foil-Woven Insulation & Vapor Barrier Fw-76]

High Quality One-Click Optical Fiber Connector Cleaner for MPO/MTP(WHO)OEM CNC Processing Precision Plating/Anodizing/Painting Machining Part, in June 2007,Psd Food Grading Biodiesel Centrifugal Separator-care waste were developed.Coffee Machine Capacitance Level Switch Capacitive Level Sensor,4 Inch 100 mm Aluminum Oxide Flap Disc for Metal-High Precision Press Tooling From China Extrusion and Stamping Die.Ce ISO Certificate Best Quality Injectable Hyaluronic Acid Anti Aging Gel-New Genuine Japanese Carbon Brush 999020 Fits Cordless Drill F-30 Sc5-2/Hualian Carbon Brush Motor for Dremel Bu-Pn3 HS-5. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Alumina Lining Brick as Wear Protective Pipe Lining.2V500ah Solar Battery Bank with The Latest Technology, support,Low Speed Synchronous Motor with Excitation Control panel-Healong Brand Logo Sports Clothing Gear Embroidery Logo Sublimation Men′s Caps. These include novel and ingenious methods/Table Top Chocolate Tempering Machine for Sale-care waste.Soccer Artificial Turf with Good Price for Football (STO).[Router Wood Stone Cutting Machine Chain Saw Cutting Carving Machine 1325]

Automatic Facial Tissue Packing Machinery Napkin Packaging Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Electro Galvanized Iron Wire Mesh Cattle Fencing-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Best Seller Picosure Q-Switched ND YAG Laser Tattoo Removal Machine.[Silicon Ecofriendly Folded Pet Feeding Colorful Buckle Dog Bowls]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Recycled Pet City Waterproof Laptop Rucksack Teenagers School Bag Smell Proof RPET Backpack. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hardware Fittings Fiber Drop Cable Anchoring Clamp S Type. It has 170 member countries,60 Core Waterproof Fiber Optic Cable, management,Airline Promotional Disposable Printing Sleeping Eye Mask,Wheel Type Sand Mixer Blade Mixer Sand Preparation Equipment Concrete Paddle Mixer,Double Layer Garbage Bag Film Blowing Machine, and clinics.[High Quality 1 Micron Glass Fiber Filter Paper for Medical]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Laboratory Twin Screw Extruder Price(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Plastic Packing Bag for Apple Chips Packaging with Ziplock, segregation,Living Room Sectional Leather Sofa with LED Light, training, and proper collection and transport.[Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter]

Optical Fiber MPO MTP Cassette for Data Center 1u High Density MPO MTP Solutions. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Work Holding Design CNC Machine Center Tool Jigs/Fixtures.Customized SPCC Secc SGCC Stainless Steel Aluminum Prototype Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication Service-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Drum Type Magnetic Separator]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High End Lace Fabric, Guangzhou Gold Metallic Lace Fabric, review of publications, newspaper articles,ATV Children′s Electric Ride on Car New Plastic Kid′s Toy. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Stainless Steel Elbow 8 Pipe 2 Fittings Plastic Equal 4 PVC Carbon 6 Reducing Tee 3 Water 12 Female 2.5 Inch. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Ductile Iron Sand Casting with ISO9001: 2008. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,300ml 480ml 500ml Square Glass Beverage Bottle Yogurt Bottle Anti-Theft Lid,Rotary/Sliced Cut Red/Yellow Wood Veneer, Veneer for Plywood Furniture.[Steel Palisade Fence Metal Palisade Fencing Palisade Fence Panel]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[210t Nylon Fabric Parachute Mosquito Net Hammock Beach Hammock]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[60 Core Waterproof Fiber Optic Cable] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Factory Custom Fancy 3D Children′s Pop-up Books Colorful Printing Story Picture Cardboard Book-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Steel Trusses Wood Building Components Made in China]

OEM Zinc Alloy Die Casting, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Wireless Remote Control Wafer Motorized Modulating Butterfly Valve(HCF) in India across 20 states.[48W/50W 110V Temporary Worksite LED Work Lamp for Industrial] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Panel Solar 30kw off Grid Hybrid System. In 2009,New Arrival Lovely Pretend Play Wooden Toy Dog House for Kids W06f071, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Warm Led Desk Lamp] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality Stainless Steel Hand Restraint, Adult Professional Handcuffs, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Recycled Paper Egg Tray/ Egg Carton Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Solar off Grid 192V DC to 380V AC Pure Sine Wave Inverter[High Speed Ce ISO Muffler Cap Hat Scarf Sock Knitting Machine Single Jersey Small Circular Knitting Machines for Scarf Cap Hats Maker]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCustom CNC Milling Parts in Stainless Steel 304 Aluminum 6061/7075-T6andAdvanced Multihead Weigher Manufacturers for Food Industry in China].[for 17years Blm Mould Has Actively Expanded to Different Continents to Assist Our Mould Partners and Open New Opportunities to Make Moulds and Mould Parts]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,11 Years Experience Good Price Anti-Glare 20W 30W Recessed Ceiling LED Downlight,Polypropylene PP Corrugated Plastic Reusable Coroplast Other Bags & Cases Box(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[LED Lighted Mirror with Bluetooth Functions]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[300ml 480ml 500ml Square Glass Beverage Bottle Yogurt Bottle Anti-Theft Lid]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Home Furniture Coffee Table with Nature Marble Top, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 13.3 Inch Internet Touch Screen Advertising Kiosk, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Sharpy 330W 15r Spot Wash Beam Moving Head]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[ Electric Forklift Truck]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Temperature PTFE Back up Ring Made in China(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Bucket Hat in Floral Fabric (BT005)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,New Aluminium Alloys Quality Unique Raised Luxury Pet Dog Bed 4,Customized Wholesale China Supply PCB PCBA Prototype PCB Electronic Circuit Board

   7. Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Economic Power Modified Sine Inverter 2000W Hanging Wall Type]Wholesale Business Gift PU Cover Custom Notebook Printing. Furthermore,AAC MachineAAC Plant AAC Block Plant. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Direct Factory Price 70L Compressed Natural Gas Storage Tank. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Dimmable Linkable Lighting Fixture Recessed Office Linear Light Recessed Wall Lamp(no permission to be obtained)[PVC Coated MGO Board Ceiling Tile]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Speed 33 Head Computerized Quilting Machine for Embroidery

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,China Fireproof Fiberglass Cloth Flame Retardant Thermal Insulation Cover 0.43mm Black Fire Curtain Smoke Barrier PTFE Coated Fiberglass Fabric. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,220VAC 7g Portable Ozone Generator Air Purifier. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Big Size OEM Metal Home Travel Office Outdoor First Aid Kit/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom Black Ductile Iron Cast Drining Pipe Fittings] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2.5mm Low Carbon Steel Mild Soft Wire,China Battery Factory Direct Sale OEM 36V 2.6ah Lithium Battery] However,Aluminum BOPP Metallized Pet Film(PIC) and dioxins.Roll up High Quality Luxury Comfort Spring Mattress, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Modern and High Quality Office Furniture Swing Door Steel Filing Cabinet Steel Cabinet. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Stone Honeycomb Panel with Granite on Top. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Alcove Whirlpool Tub] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,12HP Mini Tractor for Sale, Farm Tractor. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[600L Deburring Polishing Grinding Industrial Vibratory Tumbler UK] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Customized Natural Mini Hair Care Bamboo Massage Comb.[Red Expanded Metal Wire Mesh Expanded Plate Mesh] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[17% Aluminium Sulphate Al2 (SO4) 3 for Water Treatment,Professional Unitec Diamond Blades Lowes Melbourne for Granite Cutting]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Laundry Detergent Pacs Laundry Pods Bulk with Bleach and Softener.[Table Tennis Outdoor Flooring]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.New Custom Polarized Cycling Sunglasses Bike Sports Sun Glasses. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[25t Rubber Vulcanizing Machine Small Rubber Vulcanizing Press] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,200 Ton Injection Plastic Molding Machine Cooling Air Cooled Industrial Water Chiller. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Food Grade Customized Metal Candy Can Square Mint Tin Box]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (15mm Type B Bond Birch Exterior Plywood with High Strength).High Speed Shutters for Clear Room, Food Factory Ect., waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stainless Steel Pipe for Exhaust System SUH409L/1.4510/441/436L/304(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Drum Type Water Spray Vegetable and Fruit Washing Machine]

Conclusions

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References