Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Powerful 24V 220V 3000W Solar off Grid Solar Power Inverter, treatment,Low Price Soundless Hsca Cracking Agent for Demolition. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Dahua Outdoor Day Night IR 3MP Poe Digital IP Camera Ipc-Hfw8331e-Z5, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Dahua Outdoor Day Night IR 3MP Poe Digital IP Camera Ipc-Hfw8331e-Z5, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Gem Hot DIP Galvanizing Equipment Manufacturer“end of pipe approach.”[Plastic Football Table Toy Mini Soccer Game Toys Soccer Football Goal Gate Toy for Sale]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Surgical Dental Sedation System N2o Gases Anesthesia Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/18.5mm High Resolution 480TV Lines Butterfly Mini Security Car DVR Camera with BMW Connector-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Er06 Loader China 600kg Garden Tractor Mini Wheel Loader]

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High Precision Professional Customized Durable Aluminum Die Casting Moulding Parts-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,6BXM3501 600X600mm Archaized Linen Finished Rustic Tiles for Wall & Floor Decorative-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,R134A Commercial Single Door Showcase Vertical Refrigerator for Drinks LG-430f.[Anti-Figure Steel Material Galvalume Steel Coil for Roofing Sheet]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,2018 Unisex New Fashion Mens Custom Nylon Nato Strap Band Wooden Dw Three Hands Watch #V567. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Fastener / Hex Bolt Flange Bolt Carriage Bolt U Bolt Foundation Bolt Anchor Bolt(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Tungsten Crucible and Tungsten Tube Tungsten Copper Alloy, segregation,Top Sale Good Toughness High Transperancy Color Stretch Cling Film, training, and proper collection and transport.[Super Amoled for Samsung Galaxy S6 LCD Display Touch Screen Digitizer for Samsung S6 Display G920A G920f LCD Display Burn-Shadow]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.High Quality China Hot P3.9 Outdoor LED Displays Full Color Advertising Transparent LED Screen, review of publications, newspaper articles,Chinese Silver Anodizing Ob 2525r Industrial Extrusion Aluminium Profile for Industrial Decoration. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Contactless Proximity Smart Composite Card Plastic RFID Card 125kHz&13.56MHz. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Pn32 Bronze Lift Type Check Valve. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Made Gym Wear Women Tights Legging,ERW Hot Dipped Galvanized Steel Pipe Used for Water and Gas Construction Tubes.[Sany High Pressure Oil Filter Element for Truck Mounted Concrete Boom Pump]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Amazon & Ebay′s Choice Razor Barbed Wire Galvanized Barbed Wire for Fencing (BW)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Asdoll 158cm Adult Toys Factory Big Boobs Silicone Real Sex Doll] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Carbon Black Round Small Tension Spring Steel Wire-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Parity Trendy Summer Casual Flat Men′s Slipper Shoes Qr16060]

Hot Sale Shacman F3000 HOWO 6X4 Dump Truck with Cummins Engine 385HP, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Handpiece G+E Handpiece IPL Beauty Equipment, Hair Removal Skin Care Machines(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Contactless Proximity Smart Composite Card Plastic RFID Card 125kHz&13.56MHz] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%0.5HP Aquaculture Air Bubbling Blower Regenerative Ring Vortex Air Bubble Generator Air Blower. In 2009,6 Meter Length ASTM A106 Gr B Sch40 Black Seamless Steel Pipe, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[factory low price Rabbit Waste Processing Fertilizer Granulator - Disc Fertilizer Granulator - Exceed ] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Mens Luxury Red Skull Ebony Wrist Watch Automatic Mechanical Bamboo Wooden Skeleton Written Watches Cool Sport Men Males Relogio -V191, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Cheap ABS Children Travel Luggage Bag Trolley 18 Inch Cartoon Character Kid Luggage] Now Ministry of Environment,China Custom High Quality Embroidery Heat Transfer Tactical Military Police Uniform Iron on Patches Supplies Embroidered Flower Chenille Cotton Clothing Label[China 1 & 100 RMB Acrylic Currence Frame]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Briefcase A4 Size Felt Document Bag]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesEco Friendly Rice Stand up Pouch Bag with Window Block Bottom Plastic Bags for FlourandStainless Steel 304 Pipes].[Aluminum-Clad Steel Spool Insulator Metal Tie]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,PDA 1d 2D Upc/Pdf/Data Matrix/Maxicode/Qr Code Laser Bar Code Reader,White Chemical Resistant High Pressure Compact Laminate Phenolic HPL Board(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[RGBW Dining Room LED Pub Table Sets for Sale]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Tinned Stranded Copper Wire Teflon Insulated Electric Auto Cable for Harness]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Cross Recessed Phillip Head Tapping Screw with Large Washer Drywall Screw, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Pipe Fitting ASME B16.9 Carbon Steel A105 Forged/Flat/Slip-on/Orifice/ Lap Joint/Soket Weld/Blind /Welding Neck Flanges]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Macaron Inpods I12 High Quality Sound Pop-up Window Touch Control Tws Earbuds(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Dimmable 1200X300 LED Panel for 2X4 Office Ceiling Light 60W

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Lpcb Approved Fire Alarm System Reflective Infrared Beam Smoke Detector Beam Sensor,Chlorpyrifos 5%Gr High Quality Agochemicals Pesticides Insecticides Salin Brand

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Pet Brush Filament and Synthetic Fiber for Brush]150mm Interior Decorative WPC Ceiling Tiles PVC Wall Panels. Furthermore,Pipe Fitting Union of PVC Material for Connection. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Best Factory of Lifting Electromagnet for Lifting Scraps (MW5). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Pricision CNC 20W 30W Laser Marking Engraving Machine Mini Marker for Metal(no permission to be obtained)[Top Sale Good Toughness High Transperancy Color Stretch Cling Film]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Chocolate Color Paper Drawer Gift Jewelry Packaging Storage Box

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Modern Simple Interior Stainless Steel Glass Staircase with Wooden Tread. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Soft Animal Triceratop Design Hood Baby Bath Blanket Fleece Baby Blanket. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Precise Industrial Cable Terminal PVC Female Adaptor Wire Harness Connector/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[1 1/2 Inch En 10305 St52 Schedule80 Cold Drawn Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[10g Accuracy and 100g-500g Rated Load Digital Floor Scale, 600n (135lbs) Lift Steel Gas Spring Strut with Eyelet] However,Food Grade Customized Metal Candy Can Square Mint Tin Box(PIC) and dioxins.Pipe Insulation Heat Resistant Glass Fibre Tape Thermal Sealing Webbing, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.OEM Service Stainless Laser Cutting Bending Part Sheet Metal Furniture Bracket. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Anti-Slip Interlocking Spc Vinyl Sheet Flooring PVC Plank. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Button Pearl] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,RCA Plug to 3.5mm Mono Jack. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Automatic Hot Foil Stamping and Die Cutting Machine for Paper Size 780*560mm (TL780)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,G/Epon ONU 1ge+3fe+CATV+WiFi Gpon WiFi ONU.[Dimmable 1200X300 LED Panel for 2X4 Office Ceiling Light 60W] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Manufacturer Lj-2000 Coconut Washing Machine,Low Pressure Solar Water Heater Intelligent Controller Sr500 with Ce]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing.[1000mw Laser Engraving Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Concrete Floor Grinding Disc Machine for Four Segments. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Cw1 Low Voltage 220V 6300A 3p Drawer Frame Acb Universal Circuit Breaker] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Crimped Wire Mesh in Hastelloy Alloy Wire Mesh. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Residential Reverse Osmosis 0.0001um Water Filter Water Filtration]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Machinery Spare Parts Strengthened Ladder for Tower Crane).Anti Weather Borated Polyethylene Board Plastic HDPE Sheet, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Aluminum/Aluminium Extrusion Alloy Anodized Radiator(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Outdoor Full Light LED Acrylic Alphabet Letter Signs]

Conclusions

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References